tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46656436891855443242024-03-05T01:43:32.531-08:00PritchettsAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12933920717288858205noreply@blogger.comBlogger20125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-47565497435500186462017-10-12T10:00:00.000-07:002018-01-27T09:57:31.466-08:00Pritchetts Law - Rated a Leading National and Regional Firm Once Again<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pritchetts Law - a highly recommended specialist firm with <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">extensive</span> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">in-depth data protection</span> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">privacy expertise</span></i></b><br />
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The major independent research guide <a href="http://www.legal500.com/">Legal 500</a> has just published the Legal 500
United Kingdom 2017 guide and Pritchetts Law are absolutely delighted to once
again have been independently ranked by the publication as one of the leading
UK National and Regional Law Firms for providing specialist data protection
advice. It describes Pritchetts Law as “a highly recommended specialist firm
with ‘<i>extensive</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">in-depth data protection</span> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">privacy expertise</span></i>’, which
receives praise for its ‘<i>technically strong, high quality and value for
money service</i>’”. </div>
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To rank firms, Legal 500 carry out extensive research,
including carrying out many thousands of interviews with clients, competitors
and industry peers to gain feedback on the numerous law firms across the UK who
are working in various specialist sectors. </div>
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Within its guide the Legal 500 describe Pritchetts as a
“<i>specialist data protection firm</i>” and states that “<i>Pritchetts Law has a
‘reliable and expert practice’ led by the ‘immensely experienced and very
friendly’ Stephanie Pritchett.” </i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Stephanie Pritchett – Leading Individual Status</i></b></div>
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Stephanie has been consistently independently rated for her
expertise in this area and has been awarded the UK Legal 500 elite
"leading individual" status in its guide to outstanding lawyers
nationwide. </div>
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The most recent publication states in its national/ London ranking
that “team head Stephanie Pritchett ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">has
a phenomenal reputation in the space’</i>; she is ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hugely experienced, and commercial in her thinking, and has a very
hands-on approach which allows for solid, practical and relevant advice’</i>”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In its regional/ South West ranking it goes
on to state that “Data protection expert Stephanie Pritchett has a strong
reputation nationally: she ‘<i>takes a very pragmatic risk-based approach in
the advice that she gives</i>’ and is ‘<i>very thorough in her planning of
projects</i>”. The previous publication also described Stephanie as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘immensely experienced and very friendly’</i>.
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ben Wootton – Recommended Lawyer Status</i></b></div>
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In this year’s publication Ben Wootton, Senior solicitor and
Commercial Contracts and Data Protection specialist lawyer at Pritchetts Law, was
also ranked as a recommended lawyer both regionally and nationally. </div>
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It states
in its South West Ranking that Ben Wootton “‘<i>couples his knowledge of data
protection with a strong feel for the commercial realities that companies face</i>’,
which makes his advice ‘<i>far more valuable</i>’”. </div>
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It also recommends Ben in
its national/ London ranking where it states that Ben ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">has extensive commercial experience and clearly understands how the
sector works’</i>. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thank You For Your Feedback</i></b></div>
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We are absolutely delighted that following the independent
research carried out by the Legal 500, it has acknowledged our particular
expertise, our excellent performance and has recommended our lawyers for their
client service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our sincere thanks to
all of our clients and peers, who kindly gave their time to provide feedback to
the Legal 500 about our expertise and our services.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You have been instrumental in helping us to
achieve the ranking and recommendations set out in the guide and we are very
grateful.</i></div>
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You can find out more about us and see some of the many testimonials
that we have received from our clients, at our website: <a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/Client_Reviews_Testimonials">http://www.pritchettslaw.com/Client_Reviews_Testimonials</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04156037492054653992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-59677536024212651972016-10-18T04:22:00.000-07:002016-10-18T04:22:22.550-07:00UK Information Commissioner goes after company directors<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">At the recent House of Commons Public Bill
Committee meeting<span style="color: red;">, </span>the UK’s Information
Commissioner Elizabeth Denham, laid out a series of measures to tighten up
protection and regulation in the digital age and enable the ICO to pursue
individual company directors with fines in the event of data protection
regulation breaches.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">The ICO considers that when it levies a fine
(£4 million in total were levied last year), the company in question all too
often goes under before that fine can be paid, leaving the ICO with little more
than a headline and an intent to punish. Occasionally, those same
directors reappear some time later with a new company. Denham wants this
to stop, and wants company directors to be personally liable for fines handed
out to their companies. At the moment, the ICO can fine up to £500,000
which would have a significant impact on any one director. Under the GDPR
these fines will increase dramatically. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Denham made this headline recommendation when
discussing the new Digital Economy Bill which intends to progress the digital
agenda for individuals and government. No further detail was offered on
how this change of approach would be implemented and managed, but it signals a
clear intent to ensure punitive measures are actually followed through.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">A number of other measures are also on the
table:</span></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Implementation of a
new Electronic Communications Code to protect people from the practise of
“nuisance calls"</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Enabling and
controlling data sharing between private companies and public authorities</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Put the ICO’s Direct
Marketing Code into statute</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Lower the threshold
defining harm to an individual following a breach</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Improve transparency
on the collection of personal data and inform on safeguards. Publication
of Privacy Impact Assessments was mooted.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> We will of course keep you posted on this and
other developments with the Bill.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12933920717288858205noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-50913588813566169252016-09-15T04:45:00.000-07:002016-10-13T01:34:49.912-07:00Pritchetts Law - A top National and Regional Firm<!--[if !mso]>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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" 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<h2>
</h2>
The major independent
research guide <a href="http://www.legal500.com/">Legal 500</a> has published
their 2016-2017 guide this month and Pritchetts Law are absolutely delighted to
have been ranked by the publication as one of the top UK National and Regional
Law Firms for providing specialist data protection advice. </div>
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To rank firms, Legal 500 carry out extensive research,
including carrying out many thousands of interviews with clients, competitors
and industry peers to gain feedback on the numerous law firms across the UK who
are working in various specialist sectors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
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Within the guide it describes Pritchetts as a “<i>specialist
data protection firm” </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">and states<i>
</i></span>that “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pritchetts Law has a
‘reliable and expert practice’ led by the ‘immensely experienced and very
friendly’ Stephanie Pritchett</i>.”</div>
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We are absolutely delighted that following the independent
research carried out by the Legal 500, it has acknowledged our particular expertise,
our excellent performance and has recommended our lawyers for their client
service. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Our sincere thanks to all of our clients and peers, who
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and our services.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You have been
instrumental in helping us to achieve the ranking and recommendations set out
in the guide and we are very grateful.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12933920717288858205noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-24278469692035501322016-06-28T12:36:00.001-07:002016-06-28T12:36:21.757-07:00The Impact of Brexit on GDPR Implementation<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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On 23 June 2016, the UK held a referendum to decide upon its
continued membership in the European Union. The referendum resulted in a 52: 48
majority of voters requesting the UK to withdraw its EU membership. </div>
<br />
The UK is in a state of political turmoil following the
referendum result. To some the vote to leave was great news, to others it is
not. Most of us are shocked. Whichever way you voted, we <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are where we are, and need to look forwards, for
now at least.<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is no doubt that many critical political, legal and
economic decisions will have to be made by the UK Government in the coming
weeks and months. In fact, the number of decisions that will have to be made in
relation to every area of life and law is overwhelming, particularly given the
huge implications of those decisions for the future of the UK, its European
neighbours and, without overstating the impact, the world as a whole. </div>
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<br /></div>
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From the data protection law perspective alone, Brexit has caused
much uncertainty. Will the European General Data Protection Regulation (“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">GDPR</b>”) still be implemented by the UK? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Our View and the ICO’s
View Remain Unchanged</u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Months before the referendum the ICO stated that, "<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the UK will continue to need clear and
effective data protection laws, whether or not the country remains part of the
EU</span></em>". The Regulator added "<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Our
data protection laws precede EU legislation by more than a decade, and go
beyond the current requirements set out by the EU, for instance with the power
given to the ICO to issue fines. Having clear laws with safeguards in place is
more important than ever given the growing digital economy, and is also central
to the sharing of data that international trade relies on</span></em>". </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Whatever happens in the coming months and years, it is clear
that focus on the economy will be of key importance for all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Given the growth in the digital economy in
the UK and elsewhere, clear data protection regulation should also remain a priority
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>focus and not be side-tracked by other,
less pragmatic political agendas.</div>
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<br /></div>
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In our Pritchetts Spring Newsletter (see <a href="http://conta.cc/26XB3HO">here</a>) we discussed the impending referendum
and expressed our now-unaltered <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">opinion that,
“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">whatever happens, the UK would probably
aim to become an EU authorised 'Safe Country' or, as a country outside the EEA,
would still be required to have some other kind of "adequate level of
protection" in place to permit business with the EEA. Given that the
current UK DPA has already been found inadequate by the EC, it is likely that
significant change would be required to upgrade the current legislation and
meet the enhanced requirements under the GDPR. The UK would therefore most
likely have to bring in equivalent legislation to the GDPR, to continue doing
any business in the EU which involves personal data transfers to/ between
European business partners, group companies etc. The ICO's 'Keep Calm and Carry
On' mantra therefore remains a good one when preparing for the GDPR.</i>”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The ICO’s
response to the Referendum result, issued on </span>24 June 2016, maintains that
approach.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>said: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Data Protection Act remains the law of the land irrespective of the referendum
result…<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the UK is not part of the EU,
then upcoming EU reforms to data protection law would not directly apply to the
UK. But if the UK wants to trade with the Single Market on equal terms we would
have to prove 'adequacy' - in other words UK data protection standards would
have to be equivalent to the EU's General Data Protection Regulation framework
starting in 2018… With so many businesses and services operating across
borders, international consistency around data protection laws and rights is
crucial both to businesses and organisations and to consumers and citizens. The
ICO’s role has always involved working closely with regulators in other
countries, and that would continue to be the case… Having clear laws with
safeguards in place is more important than ever given the growing digital
economy, and we will be speaking to government to present our view that reform
of the UK law remains necessary.</i>”</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As appears to be the view of most of the UK’s (and indeed
the EU’s) other leading privacy professionals, <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">the Brexit vote is unlikely to change the need to implement the GDPR in
the same or similar form. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>But what about
timings? </u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As each new day unfolds, it becomes even less clear how and
when exactly the UK will negotiate to exit from the EU. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This <a href="https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2016/06/27/nick-barber-tom-hickman-and-jeff-king-pulling-the-article-50-trigger-parliaments-indispensable-role/">article</a>
from leading experts sets out why the UK Parliament need to be careful in
considering when to pull the Article 50 “trigger” (of the Treaty on the
European Union) to officially start our EU withdrawal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As they have stated, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the timing of the issue of any Article 50 declaration has major
implications for our bargaining position with other European States</i>”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is perhaps not surprising that David Cameron has passed
that particular torch to whoever the new Prime Minister will be and that
politicians on both sides of the remain and leave camps are not rushing to pull
the trigger. In actual fact (and despite EU pressure to the contrary and the
pressures of market instability), there is no legal limit on how long the UK
can wait before it invokes Article 50.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Political
commentary is currently suggesting it could be the end of 2016 before we see
this notice served. Some politicians are going further, calling for a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wait until the next scheduled general
election. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Even when Article 50 is finally triggered, there is likely
to be a long period of negotiation with the EU. Unless there is an agreement to
conclude negotiations more quickly, that is then likely to take at least the 2
years afforded by Article 50. This time period can even be extended if all the
EU countries <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are unanimous that more
time is needed. As Article 50 has never been tested before, we have no
precedent to guide us as to what is actually most likely to happen next. We are
all speculating and watching the unfolding political drama and press commentary
with interest, and a degree of morbid fascination. </div>
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Leaving the negotiations around Brexit aside, the GDPR will
become directly applicable law on all EU Member States on 25 May 2018. As it
currently seems unlikely that the UK will have completed our exit from the EU
before that date, it is probable that the GDPR will come into force on that
date in the UK.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UK organisations will therefore
need to continue their current GDPR readiness preparations, “as you were”. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While it is possible that some Eurosceptic MPs may later
vote for the data protection legislation to be included in their inevitable
bonfire of EU laws, hopefully the better -informed MPs will not take that view
and will, instead: </div>
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<br /></div>
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(i) Remember that, as the ICO has pointed out, our UK data
protection laws pre-dated EU laws on the same and are already stricter in some
areas than the EU equivalent Directive. That is the case because these laws fundamentally
exist to protect individuals; individuals like those very same MPs who may wish
to throw them on the bonfire in protest. It has become ever-more important to
reform the current laws, EU law aside, given the growth of technology, the growth
of the world-wide digital marketplace, world-wide cyber security risks and also
to counter pervasive and unwanted intrusions into our privacy and digital lives.
Our data protection laws are fundamental to us all, whichever side of the EU camp
you are on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are needed to protect
the rights and freedoms of all UK citizens and are needed within a democratic
and free society; </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(ii) Listen to the sound advice of industry experts, who are
well-voiced in the need to protect individuals, customers and employees world-wide
by affording them their data protection rights; and</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(iii) Listen to the views of their experienced Regulator,
the ICO, who are best placed to advise on the need to press on with the reforms
needed to our existing law. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Will the ICO’s views
change after Christopher Graham leaves today?</u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
UK Information Commissioner, Christopher Graham ends his
post today, 28<sup>th</sup> June 2016 after 7 years as a very sensible and
pragmatic chief. In <a href="https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2016/06/ico-releases-annual-report/">Christopher
Graham’s last annual report as Information Commissioner</a>, delivered in
London today, he references Brexit, again reiterating the same message that: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Over the coming weeks we will be discussing
with Government the implications of the referendum result and its impact on
data protection reform in the UK… With so many businesses and services
operating across borders, international consistency around data protection laws
and rights is crucial both to businesses and organisations and to consumers and
citizens. The ICO’s role has always involved working closely with regulators in
other countries, and that will continue to be the case…Having clear laws with
safeguards in place is more important than ever given the growing digital economy,
and we will be speaking to government to present our view that reform of the UK
law remains necessary</i>.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Elizabeth Denham, previously the Information and Privacy
Commissioner in British Columbia and Assistant Privacy Commissioner of Canada,
looks set to have a daunting “To Do” list on her arrival as the new UK
Information Commissioner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is widely
believed that Ms Denham will continue to support the approach of her ICO staff and
their predecessor, Christopher Graham.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She will undoubtedly also approach this gargantuan task from the
perspective of international trading, given her experience across the pond. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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More generally, Elizabeth Denham is well known for her commitment
to information rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>includes her ground-breaking investigations
into Facebook, her work to improve Google’s privacy standards, her track record
on improving data protection practices within government in British Columbia as
well as her proactive approach to the protection of privacy with major
international companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We wish her
much luck in her new role and are delighted to have such an experienced Regulator
taking the helm of the ICO at such a stormy time for our country. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>How Will Trade
Negotiations have an impact?</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So, assuming that the UK wants to continue obtaining
personal data from organisations in the EU and/or offering products or services
that require the processing of personal data about data subjects in the EU (whether
that is as part of the EEA, the Single Market or otherwise), the UK would need
to have a legal framework in place that reflects the GDPR and would enable us
to become recognised as an “adequate” jurisdiction by the EU.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is required in order to allow personal data
flows between the EU and the UK to take place (see Article 3(2) of the GDPR). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In our view, it is inconceivable to think that this would
not be desirable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not just remote
EU countries that we share employees and trade with – many of us have group
companies, partner businesses or entrenched trusted service providers even across
the small stretch of water (or indeed land in Northern Ireland) with our Irish
counterparts. Even at this micro level, you can imagine the difficulties of not
allowing personal data to flow in relation to employees or customers, never
mind considering the wider picture in relation to the rest of our European
counterparts. A UK adequacy decision from the EU will be imperative for
businesses.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The exact detail of how that adequacy decision comes out
will depend hugely on what direction the EU trade negotiations take. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Should the UK join the single market (such as the EEA or
Norway models), the UK would have to adopt the GDPR in full by 25 May 2018, as
is the current position.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If the UK should not join the single market or become
outside the EEA, the Article 29 Working Party (the future European Data
Protection Board) has previously made it clear to other countries outside the
EEA that it will insist on a very high level of data protection when
considering them for adequacy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This has
clearly been demonstrated in the recent debates that have arisen around
transatlantic data trading via the now-defunct US Safe Harbor scheme and the
new US Privacy Shield.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That whole
debacle must surely serve as a warning to us about non-EEA businesses trading
with the EEA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many other world-wide
countries, such as <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Japan most recently, have
been going to extreme lengths to demonstrate their data protection adequacy
standards to the EU in an attempt to become authorised as ‘adequate’ and to be
able to move personal data more freely in and out of the EU to facilitate trade.
</div>
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<br /></div>
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As stated above, in our previous newsletter, we were clear
about our view that the current UK data protection legislation will certainly not
be enough for an ‘adequacy’ decision. Firstly, it is based on the previous
European Data Protection Directive which is being repealed. Secondly, the UK
has never been viewed to even properly meet the standards of that old
Directive. As the ICO has clearly pointed out, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reform of the UK law remains necessary</i>.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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It is our strong view, therefore, that whatever direction
trade negotiations with the EU take, the GDPR (or its UK equivalent) will be
implemented in the UK.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>So What Should We
Do Next? </u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We must keep a watching eye during our GDPR readiness
preparations for how the Brexit negotiations progress. Depending on the UK’s
negotiated exit position, we may in due course need to consider amending our
data processing and data sharing agreements and arrangements to reflect the
fact that the UK might end up with <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a
separate but, in all probability substantially similar data protection law. We
can’t be more specific than that at the moment and the reality is that we all feel
we are gazing into slightly murkier version of a crystal ball, but our view on
the future of data protection is robust. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></div>
<br />
None of us really know<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>what
the UK will look like post Brexit, or indeed if we will even have a United
Kingdom. Will Scotland and Northern Ireland eventually separate and we’ll also need
to consider our own international data transfer agreements with them? It seems
unthinkable, but this could just be one of a million commercial and legal
consequences.
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
While the waves roar and threaten to turn all we know on its
head, we must steady this ship as best we can for the sake of commercial
stability and a pragmatic approach to future-proofing our ability to trade on a
worldwide stage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our Boards and Managers
should be advised that: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
(i) the safest and best approach from a data protection
compliance perspective is to continue carrying out our regular data protection audits
and GDPR readiness gap analysis to ensure that we have the most robust data
protection compliance framework in place.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">(ii) </span>Our framework of policies,
procedures, training and compliance personnel should help us not only to meet
current UK standards but also the GDPR standards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These GDPR standards will most likely, in our
view, become law. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even if we are wrong
and the law is watered down slightly, it is still likely that the ICO as our Regulator
will endorse the same principles as best practice standards. See our previous<a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/2016/05/gdpr-readiness-where-to-start.html">
Blog article ‘GDPR Readiness – Where to Start’</a>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
It is our view that changes to UK data protection law to bring it in line with the GDPR are coming one
way or another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Given the current choppy waters and the likelihood of the storm continuing for some time to come, </span>most importantly
perhaps, you should keep regularly reviewing your data protection compliance framework
across all your business functions and operations to ensure you
are able to adapt that framework regularly and as needed to cope with the unknown
changes to come. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">If you need any
advice or support with your data protection compliance in general terms and in
anticipation of the changes coming under the GDPR, please don’t hesitate to <a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/contact">contact Pritchetts</a>. </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04156037492054653992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-76980482713823285862016-05-25T11:03:00.002-07:002016-05-25T11:03:58.473-07:00GDPR Readiness – Where to start?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The clock is now ticking before the General Data Protection
Regulation (GDPR) comes into force across Europe. Organisations have 2
years from today to assess how the new regulation affects them, and implement
any necessary measures to ensure compliance by 25 May 2018. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Don’t forget, the Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) isn’t going
anywhere for the time being – if you are complying with best practice under the
DPA, then you on the right path, but depending on the nature of your business,
you may have a way to go. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The implications for any company’s reputation for non-compliance
with data protection law have always been significant, but with relatively weak
punitive measures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Under the GDPR the
potential punitive measures are huge, with possible fines of up to 4% of annual
worldwide turnover or €20 million.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">So, what steps do you
need to take? </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The ICO was quick to produce a <a href="https://ico.org.uk/media/for-organisations/documents/1624219/preparing-for-the-gdpr-12-steps.pdf">guide</a>
on 12 important steps to take in the short term. It’s time now for
organisations to start delving into the detail. The important thing is
not to get fazed - your approach should be based on a set of fairly simple
principles. In a throwback to ‘back to basics’ Pritchetts have distilled
these principals down to the 4 R’s:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1)
Review</b></span></div>
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</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Or rather, what’s the state of the nation? It’s vital
to understand how your organisation works now, mapping out how (and what)
information flows around it, how and where it is stored, and who has access to
it. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Next you should review the new regulations and highlight
what elements of the new regulation framework are most relevant to your
organisation.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Finally, undertake a gap analysis to identify how your
current processes and systems measure up against the current law under the Data
Protection Act 1998, and GDPR – what are the gaps that need to be filled now,
and in readiness for the GDPR?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2)
Risk Analysis</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Once you’ve understood the ‘to do’ list, the chances are you
won’t have sufficient resources or management capability to oversee all
necessary changes at once. Defining your priorities, based on the risk to
your organisation of not acting is vital.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Consider both the likelihood of something going wrong, and the magnitude
of the impact. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3)
React</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">You’ve got your priority list, now it’s time to make the
necessary changes. You will likely need additional resource. This could
be additional people, new skills, technological solutions or physical
infrastructure (eg new data centres). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It’s also probable that compliance with the GDPR will at
best alter the budget but most likely increase the operational cost of most
organisations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Consider the value of creating a compliant solution. Your
clients and competitors should be going through the same compliance exercise.
If they are not doing so or they are saving this up as homework to do on the
last possible day, you may be able to gain a real competitive advantage by
offering a compliant solution straight away.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">4)
Review again</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Someone once said “nothing stands still, except in our
memory”. Based on your risk assessment, your organisation will need to
determine how often all of the measures you have put in place, need to be
reviewed and/or updated.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">If you require any expert advice on how to assess your GDPR
readiness, to develop your project plan, and to help you create a compliant
solution, please don’t hesitate to get in touch with <a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/contact">us</a>.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12933920717288858205noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-63253988673928098672016-05-05T11:24:00.000-07:002016-05-05T11:24:31.489-07:00<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Obtaining Valid Consent <span style="font-family: inherit;">Und<span style="font-family: inherit;">er the GDPR</span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></b><i> </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>This article was published on Lexis®PSL IT&IP in May
2016. Click for a free trial of <a href="https://mailtrack.io/trace/link/22610a023801a4fef35fbf854953954728492ec1?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexisnexis.co.uk%2Fen-uk%2Fproducts%2Fpslfreetrial.page&signature=fab0905205718c1a" target="_blank">Lexis®PSL</a>.</i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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</span><br />
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<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Consent under the Data Protection Act 1998 and Data
Protection <a href="https://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/lexispsl/ipandit/document/301394/4NN2-G1S0-TXNB-216N-00000-00/31995L0046---DIRECTIVE-95-46-EC-OF-THE%C2%A0EUROPEAN-PARLIAMENT-AND-OF-THE-COUNCIL-of-24%C2%A0October-1995-on-the-protection-of-individuals-with-regard-to-the-processing-of-personal-data-and-on-the-free-movement-of-such-data" target="_parent">Directive 95/46/EC</a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">For discussion of the meaning of ‘consent’ under the
existing Data Protection Act 1998 and Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC, see
our previous blog article <a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/2016/05/obtaining-valid-consent-under-data.html" target="_blank">Obtaining Valid Consent Under the Data Protection Act1998</a><a class="msocomanchor" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4665643689185544324#_msocom_1" id="_anchor_1" name="_msoanchor_1"></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">It is worth noting that consents obtained under the existing
legislation should still continue to be effective under the EU General Data
Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) when it comes into force on 25 May 2018,
provided that they meet the new GDPR conditions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are set out in Recital 134 of the GDPR,
where it is stated that: </span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC will be repealed by the
GDPR.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Processing already under way on the date of application of
the GDPR should be brought into conformity with the GDPR within 2 years after
the GDPR comes into force.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Where processing is based on consent under Directive
95/46/EC, it is not necessary for the data subject to give his or her consent
again if the way the consent has been given is in line with the conditions of
the GDPR, so as to allow the data controller to continue processing after the
date of application of the GDPR. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<u><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> What does ‘consent’ mean under the GDPR?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></u></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Article 4(8) of the GDPR defines the ‘data subject's
consent’ as meaning: </span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: inherit;">“any freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous
indication of his or her wishes by which the data subject, either by a
statement or by a clear affirmative action, signifies agreement to personal
data relating to them being processed”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></i><br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Recital 25 of the GDPR adds further clarification to this
definition by adding that:<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The action taken may be by written, electronic, or oral statement;</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">This could include ticking a box when visiting an Internet
website, choosing technical settings for information society services or by any
other statement or conduct which clearly indicates in this context the data
subject's acceptance of the proposed processing of their personal data.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Silence, pre-ticked boxes or inactivity should not
constitute consent.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Consent should cover all processing activities carried out
for the same purpose or purposes.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">When the processing has multiple purposes, consent should be
granted for all of the processing purposes.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">If the data subject's consent is to be given following an
electronic request, the request must be clear, concise and not unnecessarily
disruptive to the use of the service for which it is provided.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><b>Is consent required under the GDPR and what happens if one
cannot obtain consent?</b></u> </span></div>
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</span><br />
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Article 6(1) (Lawfulness of processing) of the GDPR sets out
one of the legitimising fair processing conditions for personal data as
follows:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: inherit;">“6(1) Processing of personal data shall be lawful only if
and to the extent that at least one of the following applies:…(a) the data
subject has given consent to the processing of their personal data for one or
more specific purposes”.</span></i></div>
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</span><br />
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Article 9(2) (Processing of special categories of personal
data) of the GDPR then sets out one of the legitimising fair processing
conditions for special categories of personal data as follows:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: inherit;">“…the data subject has given explicit consent to the
processing of those personal data for one or more specified purposes, except
where Union law or Member State law provide that the prohibition referred to in
paragraph 1 may not be lifted by the data subject”.</span></i></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Consent is, however, just one of the:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fair processing conditions that may be relied on to enable
fair and lawful processing of:</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Any personal data under Article 6(1) of the GDPR; and of</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Sensitive personal data under Article 9(2) of the GDPR;</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Conditions that may be relied on to enable fair and lawful
processing of Automated individual decision making (including profiling) under
Article 20 of the GDPR;</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Grounds to enable fair and lawful transfer of personal data
outside the EEA under Article 44(1)(a) of the GDPR.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is worth noting that where consent is
relied on in this situation, ‘explicit consent’ is required for the proposed
transfer and the data subject has to have been informed of the possible risks
of such transfers etc. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">It is, therefore, not mandatory to obtain consent if: </span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the other fair processing conditions under Article
6(1) or Article 9(2) of the GDPR can be relied on;</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the other grounds for fair and lawful processing of
automated individual decision making (including profiling) can be relied on
under Article 20 of the GDPR;</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the other grounds for legitimate international data
transfer under Article 44(1)(a) of the GDPR can be relied on; or</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the exceptions under the GDPR exists in relation to
the intended processing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">As discussed in our previous blog article <a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/2016/05/obtaining-valid-consent-under-data.html" target="_blank">Obtaining ValidConsent Under the Data Protection Act 1998</a><a class="msocomanchor" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4665643689185544324#_msocom_2" id="_anchor_2" name="_msoanchor_2"></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Consent is often used by UK data controllers in practice as
either the sole legitimising fair processing condition or sometimes as a
back-up to another fair processing condition or grounds for processing, where
it is the easiest condition or mechanism for the data controller to show<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>they have complied with the DPA 1998.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That is not to say that this is always the
best condition or ground for data controllers to rely on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In actual fact, it can often be a poor way to
secure compliance. This is because individuals may withhold their consent,
their consent may be withdrawn (see below), or indeed the reasons for which
consent was originally sought and granted may have changed. In the latter case,
this would mean that the data controller could no longer rely on the consent
originally given.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">This is likely to continue to be the case under the GDPR. It
will therefore continue to be prudent for data controllers to consider if
another fair processing condition or ground for processing would be better to
rely on in any particular case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In general terms, given the increased sanctions for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>non-compliance under the GDPR, organisations
should carry out a data mapping exercise and an audit to consider what fair
processing conditions they currently rely on to justify their various data
processing operations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where consent is
currently relied on to justify processing under the DPA 1998, the existing
mechanisms used for consent should be reviewed and the organisation should
consider whether consent is still a practical and workable solution to justify
their data processing activities. Under the new burdensome consent requirements
of the GDPR, this may no longer be the case. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Administrative fines of up to EUR 20 Million, or in case of
an undertaking, up to 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the
preceding financial year (whichever is higher) may be levied under the GDPR for
failure to comply with the basic principles for processing, including
conditions for consent.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<u><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Obtaining consent for the processing of sensitive personal
data under the GDPR</span></b></u></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">As discussed above, Article 9 (Processing of special
categories of personal data) of the GDPR sets out lawful conditions for
processing sensitive personal data categories (personal data revealing racial
or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs,
trade-union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data in
order to uniquely identify a person or data concerning health or sex life and
sexual orientation).</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Consent to process sensitive personal data must be
‘explicit’ (Article 9(2)(a) of the GDPR), as is currently the case under the
existing Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. It has, however, been clarified in
the GDPR that:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Consent will be provided for specific pre-defined purposes
and may not be used to justify data processing for any other purpose;</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Where disclosure of sensitive personal data is contrary to
the national laws of an EU member state or otherwise contrary to EU law,
consent from a data subject will not override the absolute prohibition of
processing of any such information.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <u><b>How to obtain and withdraw consent under the GDPR</b></u></span></div>
<u><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></b></u><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In addition to the definition of consent under Article 4(8)
GDPR and the fair processing conditions set out under Articles 6(1) and 9(2)
GDPR, Article 7 GDPR sets out specific conditions which must be met in relation
to consent. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Many of these Article 7 conditions and the corresponding
GDPR Recitals reflect current established guidance from the European Union
Article 29 Working Party (the “Art 29 Working Party”) in the form of <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion
15/2011</a> (“the 2011 Opinion”) which set out their view of what is meant by
‘consent’ for the purposes of the existing Data Protection Directive
95/46/EC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It is likely that the new European Data Protection Board
(who will take over from the Art 29 Working Party under the GDPR) will
establish a new and updated Opinion on consent in due course that will perhaps
add some of the detail from the existing <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion
15/2011</a> that has not made it in to the text of the GDPR.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For further discussion of <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion
15/2011</a>, our previous blog article <a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/2016/05/obtaining-valid-consent-under-data.html" target="_blank">Obtaining Valid Consent Under the DataProtection Act 1998</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Article 7 GDPR conditions are as follows: </span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.45pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">GDPR
Article</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 327.65pt;" valign="top" width="437"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Additional
Information provided in GDPR Recitals and Author Commentary </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.45pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Article 7(1)
states: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Where processing is based on
consent, the controller shall be able to demonstrate that consent was given
by the data subject to the processing of their personal data</i>”</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 327.65pt;" valign="top" width="437"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Under Article 7(1)
and in accordance with Recital 32 GDPR, data controllers have the burden of
proving that consent was obtained.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">This will require a
significant tightening up of the requirements for establishing and proving
consent in the UK. Under the current legal regime, a rather more relaxed
approach has been taken to this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Organisations that
rely on consent to enable some or all of their data processing under the
current legal regime will need to review the circumstances in which they will
collect consent under the GDPR, the fair processing information given to data
subjects in order to obtain consent and the technical methods used to collect
consent. Organisations will also need to consider how they will demonstrate
or show evidence of consent going forwards.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">It is likely to be
expensive to implement and maintain consent systems in relation to ongoing
and future processing.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.45pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Article 7(2)
states: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">If the data subject's consent
is given in the context of a written declaration which also concerns other
matters, the request for consent must be presented in a manner which is
clearly distinguishable from the other matters, in an intelligible and easily
accessible form, using clear and plain language. Any part of the declaration
which constitutes an infringement of this Regulation that the data subject
has given consent to shall not be binding</i></span>”</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 327.65pt;" valign="top" width="437"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Consents must be specific to the purposes
for which they are needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Request for consent to a data subject will
have to be clearly distinguishable from any other matters the individuals are
notified about.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Recital 32 GDPR goes on to clarify that: </span></span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">In line with Council Directive 93/13/EEC a
declaration of consent pre-formulated by the data controller should be
provided in an intelligible and easily accessible form, using clear and plain
language and it should not contain unfair terms. </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">For consent to be ‘informed’ the data subject should
be aware at least of the identity of the data controller and the purposes of
the processing for which the personal data are intended. </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Consent should not be regarded as freely-given if
the data subject has no genuine and free choice and is unable to refuse or
withdraw consent without detriment.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Generic consents often collected under the
current legal regime (e.g. via standard contractual terms with vaguely
drafted sections on consent) will need to be re-drafted so that they are more
specific and tailored to collection of specific data sets used for specific
purposes.</span></span><br />
<br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.45pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Article
7(3) states “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The data subject shall
have the right to withdraw his or her consent at any time. The withdrawal of
consent shall not affect the lawfulness of processing based on consent before
its withdrawal<b>. </b>Prior to giving consent, the data subject shall be
informed thereof. It shall be as easy to withdraw consent as to give it.</i>”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 327.65pt;" valign="top" width="437"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Under this Article
7(3) GDPR, it is made clear that data subjects have the right to withdraw
their consent at any time and it should be as easy for an individual to
withdraw consent as to give it.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Article 17 of the
GDPR further sets out detailed rights that data subjects have to request
erasure of their information (the “right to be forgotten") including
under Article 17(1)(b) where consent has been withdrawn by the data subject. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Article 14(1a)(ea)
of the GDPR also makes it clear that where consent is relied on, as part of
the fair processing information provided to individuals, they must be clearly
told about their right to withdraw consent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The strengthened
rights under the GDPR for data subjects to withdraw consent and their right
to be forgotten means that organisations that currently rely on consent to
enable some or all of their data processing under the current legal regime
will need to carefully consider:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">What mechanisms they will implement to enable data
subjects to withdraw their consent easily;</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">How readily consent is likely to be withdrawn and
what the impact would be of that happening? </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Whether they would have to stop processing the
relevant data when consent was withdrawn? Could they do that? How would they
do that? </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">If
they ‘need’ to continue processing the data, on what other grounds could they
justify doing so? If this necessitates a change of legal fair processing
grounds, is this acceptable or does it call into question whether the
information was being fairly processed in the first place? See further
discussion of this in <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">our previous blog article</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext;"> <a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/2016/05/obtaining-valid-consent-under-data.html" target="_blank">Obtaining Valid Consent Under the Data Protection Act 1998</a></span></span></span><a class="msocomanchor" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="_anchor_1" name="_msoanchor_1"></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://./">.</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Where personal data is processed
for direct marketing the data subject will have a right to object. This right
will have to be explicitly brought to their attention. See Recital 57 and
Article 19 of the GDPR. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.45pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Article
7(4) states “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">When assessing whether
consent is freely given, utmost account shall be taken of the fact whether,
among others, the performance of a contract, including the provision of a
service, is made conditional on the consent to the processing of data that is
not necessary for the performance of this contract.</i>”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 327.65pt;" valign="top" width="437"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">During negotiations
over the final GDPR text there was a lot of debate around whether consent
should provide a valid ground for data processing where there is a
significant imbalance between the data subject and data controller.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The final text in
Article 7(4) GDPR was intended in part to address this concern. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The GDPR Recitals also
make it clear that:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Consent
is not freely given if the data subject had no genuine and free choice and is
unable to withdraw or refuse consent without detriment (Recital 32).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">In
order to safeguard that consent has been freely-given, consent should not
provide a valid legal ground for the processing of personal data in a
specific case, where there is a clear imbalance between the data subject and
the controller, in particular where the controller is a public authority and
this makes it unlikely that consent was given freely in all the circumstances
of that specific situation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consent is presumed not to be freely given
if it does not allow separate consent to be given to different data
processing operations despite it being appropriate in the individual case, or
if the performance of a contract, including the provision of a service is
made dependent on the consent despite this not being necessary for such
performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">In practice this
means that attempts to bundle wide-ranging or generic consents into
contractual language will no longer be allowed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">This Article 7(4)
may have a huge impact on compliance requirements for e-commerce services,
among others. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">In addition, it is
likely (and encouraged by GDPR Recital 124) that some EU Member States may
provide more specific rules in due course surrounding the use of consent in
the employment context. It is worth noting that the current ICO Employment
Practices Code discourages reliance on consent when processing employee data,
as employees will feel under duress to give the consent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That said, in practice and in our
experience most UK employers do tend to ask for consent from employees to,
for example: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12933920717288858205noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-60088633766174474922016-05-05T04:56:00.003-07:002016-05-05T04:57:42.767-07:00May the fourth be with you GDPR - finally approved and in force from 25 May 2016! <div _mce_style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #000090;" style="color: #000090; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<b></b>The European Parliament formally adopted the <span _mce_style="text-decoration: underline;" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a _mce_href="http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-5419-2016-INIT/en/pdf" _mce_shape="rect" _mce_style="color: #000090; text-decoration: underline;" href="http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-5419-2016-INIT/en/pdf" shape="rect" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 144) ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important;">General Data Protection Regulation</a> </span>("<b>GDPR</b>") and it was then published in the <a _mce_href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L:2016:119:TOC" _mce_style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L:2016:119:TOC" style="color: blue ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important;" target="_blank">EU Official Journal</a>
on 4th May 2016. Star Wars fans and data protection geeks alike were no
doubt cheering 'May the fourth be with you' all day yesterday. From
today, 5th May 2016, the 20 day countdown period commenced and the GDPR will <b>come
into force on 25 May 2016</b>. After the 2 year implementation period, it
will become directly applicable and <b>enforceable in all Member States from 25 May 2018. </b><br /><br />Organisations
must therefore now begin ensuring that new policies, procedures and
systems are in place to ensure compliance.<br />
<br />
The ICO has created a <a _mce_href="https://dpreform.org.uk/" _mce_shape="rect" _mce_style="color: #000090;" href="https://dpreform.org.uk/" shape="rect" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 144) ! important;">micro-site</a>
dedicated to updates on the GDPR and aims to ensure that all relevant
GDPR guidance and any guidance updated in light of the GDPR will be
added to that site. The ICO's initial posting on the site sets out a
useful guide on 12 suggested steps to take now in order to prepare for
the GDPR. <br /><br />The EU Article 29 Working Party ("<b>Art29 WP</b>") has also published its <a _mce_href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2016/wp236_en.pdf" _mce_shape="rect" _mce_style="color: #000090;" href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2016/wp236_en.pdf" shape="rect" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 144) ! important;">action plan</a> outlining how the GDPR should be implemented. The Art29 WP highlights 4 priority areas:<br />
<ol>
<li>Setting up the European Data Protection Board ("<b>EDPB</b>") structure and its administration;</li>
<li>Preparing the One-Stop-Shop and the consistency mechanism;</li>
<li>Issuing guidance for data controllers and processors; and</li>
<li>Communication around the EDPB and the GDPR. </li>
</ol>
</div>
<br />
<div _mce_style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #000090; text-align: left; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px;" style="color: #000090; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
Many
of our clients have begun asking us for bespoke advice on how the GDPR
will affect them and have asked us to carry out data protection
compliance and gap analysis audits, highlighting increased compliance
risks under the proposed GDPR changes. If we can assist you with this
also, please do <a _mce_href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/contact" _mce_shape="rect" _mce_style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/contact" shape="rect" style="color: blue ! important; text-decoration: underline ! important;" target="_blank">contact us</a>.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04156037492054653992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-39931552603718049512016-05-05T02:28:00.000-07:002016-05-05T06:39:27.728-07:00Obtaining Valid Consent under the Data Protection Act 1998<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="sect2pos1res1"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="a919355"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="a493611"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="a687088"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="sect2pos2res1"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="sect2pos3res1"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="sect2pos4res1"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="sect2pos5res1"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="sect2pos6res1"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">This
article was published on Lexis®PSL IT&IP in May 2016. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Click for a free trial</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">of </span><a href="https://mailtrack.io/trace/link/22610a023801a4fef35fbf854953954728492ec1?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexisnexis.co.uk%2Fen-uk%2Fproducts%2Fpslfreetrial.page&signature=fab0905205718c1a" target="_blank"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Lexis®PSL</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.</span></span></i></b></span></u></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b>Background to Consent </b></u><br />
<br />
<br />
To satisfy the first data protection principle in the Data Protection Act 1998 (“DPA 1998”) as derived from the European Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC, data controllers must be able to demonstrate, amongst other matters, that they have met:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>one of the grounds for processing personal data under Schedule 2 of the DPA 1998; and </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>if the data constitutes sensitive personal data, then in addition to this, one of the grounds for processing sensitive personal data under: </li>
</ul>
<ul><ul>
<li>Schedule 3 of the DPA 1998; or under </li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul><ul>
<li>The Data Protection (Processing of Sensitive Personal Data) Order 2000 (SI 2000/417), which sets out additional conditions which allow the processing of sensitive personal data in limited circumstances. </li>
</ul>
</ul>
<br />
One of the numerous legitimising fair processing conditions that can be complied with to enable fair and legal processing of personal data governs a situation where the data controller obtains ‘consent’ from the data subject before processing the personal data or sensitive personal data.<br />
<br />
<br />
Under the eighth data protection principle of the DPA 1998, data controllers must also show how they can legally justify transferring a data subject’s personal data outside of the European Economic Area (the “EEA”). One of the grounds that might be used to justify such a transfer is also consent (following Article 26(1)(a) of the Data Protection Directive). <br />
<br />
<br />
The requirements to comply with the fair processing conditions under the first data protection principle and to comply with the eighth data protection principle surrounding transfer of personal data outside the EEA apply unless a relevant exemption under the DPA 1998 exists. <br />
<br />
<u><b>What does ‘consent’ mean? </b></u><br />
<br />
<br />
Although ‘consent’ was not defined within the text of the DPA 1998, UK courts and tribunals are required to interpret the terminology used in the DPA 1998 in accordance with the wording and purpose of the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. <br />
<br />
<br />
Article 2(h) of the Data Protection Directive defines consent as: <br />
<br />
<i>‘any freely-given specific and informed indication of [the data subject’s] wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed’.</i><br />
<br />
<br />
Article 7(a) of the Data Protection Directive goes on to set out that the data subject should have unambiguously given his or her consent.<br />
<br />
<br />
The European Union Article 29 Working Party (the “Art 29 Working Party”) has also produced <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion 15/2011</a> (“the 2011 Opinion”) on their view of what is meant by ‘consent’ for the purposes of: <br />
<ul>
<li>Directive 95/46/EC; and </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Directive 2002/58/EC which was implemented in the UK through the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 (SI 2003/2426) (as revised by the Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) (Amendment) Regulations 2011 (SI 2011/1208)) (“E-Privacy Regulations”). </li>
</ul>
<br />
Although Art 29 Working Party opinions are not directly binding on data controllers, they will be considered by the UK Information Commissioner’s Office (the “ICO”) when it is interpreting the DPA 1998. We have therefore taken account of the 2011 Opinion in drafting this Practice Note.<br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b>Is </b><b>consent required and what happens if one cannot obtain consent? </b></u><br />
<br />
<br />
As mentioned above, consent is one of a number of: <br />
<ul>
<li>Fair processing conditions that may be relied on to enable fair and lawful processing of personal data under the first data protection principle; </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Grounds to enable fair and lawful transfer of personal data outside the EEA under the eighth data protection principle. </li>
</ul>
<br />
It is not, therefore, mandatory to obtain consent if one of the other fair processing conditions under the first principle or one of the other international transfer grounds can be relied on. <br />
<br />
<br />
Consent is, however, often used by UK data controllers in practice as either the sole legitimising fair processing condition (or sometimes as a back-up to another fair processing condition or grounds for processing), where it is the easiest condition or mechanism by which the data controller can show that they have complied with the DPA 1998. <br />
<br />
<br />
That is not to say that this is always the best condition or ground for data controllers to rely on. In actual fact, it can often be a poor way to secure compliance. This is because individuals may withhold their consent, their consent may be withdrawn (see below), or indeed the reasons for which consent was originally sought and granted may have changed. In the latter case, this would mean that the data controller could no longer rely on the consent originally given. <br />
<br />
For these reasons, it is always prudent for data controllers to consider if another fair processing condition or international data transfer ground would be better to rely on in any particular case. <br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b>Obtaining consent for the processing of sensitive personal data</b></u><br />
<br />
<br />
Where consent is used as a legitimising ground for processing: <br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Personal data under Schedule 2 of the DPA 1998, it is stated that this should be where: ‘the data subject has given his consent to the processing’; </li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
<li>Sensitive personal data under Schedule 3 of the DPA 1998, it is stated that this should be where: ‘the data subject has given his explicit consent to the processing of the personal data’. </li>
</ul>
<br />
The key distinction therefore when looking at legitimate processing of sensitive personal data is that a data subject’s consent should be ‘explicit’. <br />
<br />
<br />
The Art 29 Working Party <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion 15/2011</a> sets out that ‘explicit consent’:<br />
<ul>
<li>Means the same as express consent;</li>
<li>Encompasses all situations where individuals are presented with a proposal to agree or disagree to a particular use or disclosure of their personal information and they respond actively to the question, orally or in writing;</li>
<li>Is usually given in writing with a hand-written signature or in equivalent electronic form (for example, signified online through the use of clickable icons, by sending confirmation e-mails or by using electronic or digital signatures). For example, explicit consent will be given when data subjects sign a consent form that clearly outlines why a data controller wishes to collect and further process personal data;</li>
<li>While traditionally given in writing, it can also be given orally, although the Art 29 Working Party highlight that oral consent may be difficult to prove and, therefore, in practice, data controllers are advised to resort to written consent for evidentiary reasons;</li>
<li>Means that consent that is inferred, implied or an ‘opt-out’ will not normally meet the requirement of explicit consent </li>
</ul>
<br />
The ICO have also set out in their guidance that ‘explicit consent’: <br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Means that the data subject’s consent should be ‘absolutely clear’;</li>
<li>Should only be given where the data subject has been given a clear outline of the type of information (or the specific information) being processed, the purpose of the processing and ‘any special aspects that may affect the individual, such as disclosures that will be made’. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<u><b>How to obtain consent generally</b></u> <br />
<br />
<br />
The Art 29 Working Party <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion 15/2011</a> sets out that when obtaining consent generally, be that explicit consent or regular consent, the following requirements should be met: <br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>It should be obtained before processing starts;</li>
<li>It should ‘include any indication of a wish, by which the data subject signifies his agreement’;</li>
<li>It should not be inferred from silence or inaction of the data subject;</li>
<li>It should be freely given;</li>
<li>It should be specific;</li>
<li>It should be informed;</li>
<li>It should be unambiguous. </li>
</ul>
We have explained each of these requirements in more detail below: <br />
<br />
<u><b>1. Consent should be obtained before processing starts</b></u><br />
Neither the DPA 1998 nor Directive 95/46/EC specify exactly when consent should be obtained but the Art 29 Working Party <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion 15/2011</a> suggests that, as a general rule, it should be obtained before the data controller starts processing personal data. The Art 29 Working Party does, however, explain that there is a difference between: <br />
<ul>
<li>Stuations where obtaining consent is a legal requirement (for example, in some cases when sending out direct marketing electronically or where consent is the only available ground for processing personal data under the DPA 1998 because none of the other fair processing conditions can be used to justify the processing in question. In this situation, the data controller must obtain consent before the processing starts to avoid prior processing being unlawful if the data subject does not ultimately provide consent; and</li>
<li>Situations where the data subject exercises their right to object to processing. For example, the data controller may be relying on a different fair processing condition under Schedules 2 and 3 of the DPA 1998 to justify their processing (i.e. a condition other than consent). The data subject may decide to exercise their right to object to the processing being carried out or they may withdraw their consent at any time (see below), but until such times as they do so, the data controller can continue processing the personal data. Data controllers should consider any objections or withdrawal of consent promptly so that the processing continues to be fair and lawful (see below). </li>
</ul>
<br />
<u><b>2. The consent should ‘include any indication of a wish, by which the data subject signifies his agreement’</b></u><br />
The data subject should indicate his/her wishes and signify their agreement in some way that enables the data controller to understand their wishes. The method the data controller uses to obtain and record consents should be proportionate to the circumstances. <br />
Consent does not therefore need to be in writing. It is, however, usually best practice to obtain written consent for evidentiary purposes, particularly when dealing with sensitive personal data, as the Art 29 Working Party recommends. (see above).<br />
<br />
Obtaining consent orally or from ‘behaviour from which consent could be reasonably concluded’ may be perfectly acceptable in some circumstances, though. The Art 29 Working Party gives the example of dropping a business card in a glass bowl or an individual sending his name and address to an organisation in order to obtain information from it. “In this case his action should be understood to constitute to the processing of such data insofar as it is necessary to process and respond to the request.”<br />
<br />
<br />
The ‘indication of wishes’ from the data subject must be clear to enable valid consent for the processing for data. To extend the example given by the Art 29 Working Party, let us assume that the data subject may have dropped their business card in a bowl in response to a sign advertising that a competition winner would be drawn from the business cards in the bowl but stating nothing else. If the sign does not make it clear that the business also intends to use the information from the business card for on-going marketing use, is it fair to assume the person consented to that, or that they merely consented to participating in the competition and being contacted for those purposes only? It seems likely that the latter would be considered the case. <br />
<br />
<u><b>3. Consent should not be inferred from silence or inaction of the data subject</b></u><br />
<br />
The ICO’s guidance and the Art 29 Working Party <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion 15/2011</a> set out that: <br />
<ul>
<li>For an individual to signify their agreement, there must usually be some type of active communication between the parties;</li>
<li>Data controllers should not infer consent from non-response to a general communication (for example, from passive behaviour like failure to respond to a communication, return a form, tick a box or respond to a leaflet). </li>
</ul>
<br />
The Art 29 Working Party suggests that without active communication data controllers will often be unable to prove whether the data subject intended to consent.<br />
<br />
<u><b>4. Consent should be freely given</b></u><br />
<br />
Consent has to be freely given. The Art 29 Working Party <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion 15/2011</a> states that: <br />
<ul>
<li>Consent “can only be valid if the data subject is able to exercise a real choice, and there is no risk of deception, intimidation, coercion or significant negative consequences if he/she does not consent”.</li>
<li>It has explored the limits of consent in several opinions in relation to situations where consent cannot be freely given (e.g.in its opinions on electronic health records (WP131), on the processing of data in the employment context (WP48) and on processing of data by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WP162)).</li>
<li>If, once consent is withdrawn, the data processing continues based on another legal ground, doubts could be raised as to the original use of consent as the initial legal ground: if the processing could have taken place from the beginning using this other ground, presenting the individual with a situation where he is asked to consent to the processing could be considered as misleading or inherently unfair.</li>
<li>In practice the data subject must have a genuine ability to refuse to give their consent or to withdraw their consent in order for consent to be ‘freely given’. In the employment context, for example, consent may be freely given provided there are appropriate safeguards in place to ensure that the employee has a genuine option to decline (see <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion 15/2011</a> for more discussion about the use of consent in an employment relationship. </li>
</ul>
<u><b>5. Consent should be specific</b></u><br />
<br />
The ICO’s guidance and the Art 29 Working Party <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion 15/2011</a> set out that: <br />
<ul>
<li>The wording used to obtain any consent should:</li>
<ul>
<li>Be clear and understandable;</li>
<li>Relate to the actual type of data and the actual purposes of the data processing to be carried out, not to ‘an open-ended set of processing activities’ (i.e. blanket generic processing consents should not be sought for all processing, but instead the different purposes must be identified individually (e.g. international data transfer, data sharing, direct marketing etc.));</li>
<li>Reflect the reasonable expectation of the parties;Give the data subject the choice to consent in respect of specific processing activities. As the ICO has described: “If you process information for a range of purposes, you should explain this to people. When doing so, you should provide a clear and simple way for them to indicate that they agree to each type of processing. In other words, people should not be forced to agree to several types of processing simply because your privacy notice only includes an option to agree or disagree to all. People may wish to consent to their information being used for one purpose but not another”.</li>
<li>The ICO recommends that you should list the different purposes where you are relying on consent with individual unticked opt-in boxes for each or Yes/No buttons of equal size and prominence. Opt-in boxes can be prominently placed in your privacy notice or, with online products and services you may wish to use ‘just-in-time’ notices so that relevant information appears at an appropriate time. </li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Consent will be valid ‘as long as the processing to which it relates continues'. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>If new kinds of data processing are required, new consents will need to be obtained. Consents linking back to the original notified purposes will not be valid to cover new data processing activities. Note that other fair processing conditions under Schedules 2 and 3 of the DPA 1998 might apply (as discussed above) but in any event it is likely that new fair processing information will need to be provided to the data subject in relation to the new processing that the controller intends to be carried out. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>It is acceptable for data controllers to obtain consent only once for related but different operations that take place at different times if each of those operations falls within the reasonable expectation of the data subject at the time the individual consented. </li>
</ul>
<u><b>6. Consent should be informed</b></u><br />
<br />
The ICO’s guidance and the Art 29 Working Party <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion 15/2011</a> set out that: <br />
<ul>
<li>Adequate fair processing information should be provided to enable compliance with the first data protection principle;</li>
<li>Consent should be ‘based [on] appreciation and understanding of the facts and implications’;</li>
<li>Any information given in order to obtain consent should:</li>
<ul>
<li>Be in a language that is clear, legible and intelligible to an average user;</li>
<li>Be set out in a clear, understandable, transparent, clearly visible and prominent manner. As the ICO have stated “good practice is to use an unticked opt-in box. If your consent mechanism consists solely of an “I agree” box with no supporting information then users are unlikely to be fully informed and the consent cannot be considered valid”;</li>
<li>Be easy to understand, perhaps using a multi-layered approach to privacy notices to aid understanding but ensuring that these are all clearly signposted and easy to access. See the ICO’s Privacy Notices Code of Practice for more information;</li>
<li>Make clear any adverse consequences associated with the data processing; and</li>
<li>Provide more detailed and appropriate information where there are complex data processing operations involved. </li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Consent should be based on honest information. You should not lead people to believe that they can exercise choice over the collection and use of their personal data if in reality they have not got that choice. As the ICO have stated, “there is a fundamental difference between telling a person how you’re going to use their personal information and getting their consent”. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>To gain consent to using personal data for direct marketing purposes, you should have a separate, unticked, opt-in box prominently displayed. See the ICO’s Guidance on Direct Marketing and the ICO’s Personal Information Online Code of Practice for more detailed information on how to gain valid consent in the marketing context. </li>
</ul>
<u><b>7. Consent should be Unambiguous</b></u><br />
<br />
The ICO’s guidance and the Art 29 Working Party <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion 15/2011</a> set out that for consent to be unambiguous: <br />
<ul>
<li>It should not usually be based on inaction or silence from data subjects as this always carries inherent ambiguity;</li>
<li>There should be ‘no doubt as to the data subject's intention to deliver consent’ i.e. as per the Opinion, “the indication by which the data subject signifies his agreement must leave no room for ambiguity regarding his/her intent. If there is a reasonable doubt about the individual's intention, there is ambiguity”;</li>
<li>Data controllers should have implemented robust procedures to capture consents appropriately (whether that is clear express consent or clear inferred consent) and to ensure that the person giving consent is actually the data subject (especially where consent is obtained over the telephone or online)</li>
<li>Data controllers should keep evidence of the consents obtained and how they were obtained.</li>
</ul>
Unambiguous consent may be obtained using different methods of collection (such as signed or written statements, online forms which are ticked or express oral recorded consent), as discussed elsewhere in this practice note. <br />
<br />
We have set out below some examples below of how one might gain valid consent in different scenarios (e.g. in relation to children, where there are incapacity issues etc.). <br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b>Consent from Children and Others with Incapacity</b></u><br />
<br />
<br />
Neither the DPA 1998 nor Directive 95/46/EC specify how consent should be obtained from individuals who lack full legal capacity, including children. <br />
<br />
The Art 29 Working Party <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion 15/2011</a> sets out that:<br />
<ul>
<li>The conditions for obtaining valid consent from children vary across the EEA.</li>
<li>When children's consent is sought, legal requirements may require obtaining the consent of the child and the representative, or the sole consent of the child if he or she is already mature. The ages when one or the other rule applies vary. There are no harmonized procedures for verifying a child’s age. </li>
</ul>
<br />
The ICO's ‘Personal Information Online Code of Practice’ sets out how to obtain consents from vulnerable individuals and children in the context of the online environment. This guidance may perhaps be extended to offline processing of information relating to children and vulnerable people as well, but the ICO has not made this clear. Some of the key points coming out of that ICO guidance are as follows: <br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>The ICO refers to ‘vulnerable people’ as, “anyone who, for whatever reason, may find it difficult to understand how their information is used. This could be because they are children, have a learning disability or lack technological understanding”.</li>
<li>The DPA 1998 requires fair processing of personal data – this applies regardless of the level of understanding of the people you collect information from. Data Controllers should therefore assess the level of understanding of the people their service is aimed at and must not exploit any lack of understanding from those people. This can be particularly challenging when engaging with people online.</li>
<li>In the UK there is no simple legal definition of a ‘child’ based on age alone. Children of a similar age can have different levels of maturity and understanding. Data Controllers should consider the particular circumstances of the processing as well as the individuals’ ability to understand these to ensure that children’s data is processed fairly.</li>
<li>Assessing understanding, rather than merely determining age, is the key to ensuring that personal data about children is collected and used fairly. Having said that, a practical view would be that some form of parental consent would normally be required before collecting personal data from children under 12. You will need to look at the appropriate form for obtaining consent based on any risk posed to the child. You may even decide to obtain parental consent for children aged over 12 where there is greater risk. This has to be determined on a case by case basis.</li>
<li>The ICO recommends consideration of other laws, industry rules and codes of practice to consider if any restrictions on apply to children under a certain age.</li>
<li>The ICO also highlights various instances in which it is good practice to seek parental consent relating to the collection or use of information about a child. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<u><b>Withdrawing consent</b></u><br />
<br />
Data subjects may withdraw their consent to data processing at any time but it will not have retroactive effect. <br />
<br />
The Art 29 Working Party refer in <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion 15/2011</a> to its previous <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/index_en.htm">Opinion 5/2005</a> on Article 9 of Directive 2002/58/EC in which it formulated the view that: <br />
<ul>
<li>Withdrawal of consent relates to withdrawal in relation to future processing, not for the data processing that took place in the past, in the period during which the data was collected legitimately;</li>
<li>Decisions or processes previously taken on the basis of this information can therefore not be simply annulled. However, if there is no other legal basis justifying the further storage of the data, they should be deleted by the data controller. </li>
</ul>
<br />
This means that in practice a withdrawal of consent requires data controllers to stop processing any personal data where that processing was carried out on the basis of that consent (see ‘Is consent required and what happens if we can’t obtain consent?’ above). <br />
<br />
<br />
Rights around withdrawal of consent were further considered in the ECJ case of Google Spain SL and another v Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD) and another (Case C-131/12) in which data subjects were entitled to ask a search engine operator that has ‘a branch or a subsidiary’ in an EU member state to delete from websites any links to the data subject’s name. <br />
<br />
<u><b>What is changing in relation to consent under the GDPR?</b></u><br />
<u><b><br /></b></u>
It is intended that Directive 95/46/EC will be replaced by a new General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), which is due to come into force on 25 May 2018. For more information on the GDPR reforms and their likely impact on your organisation, <a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/contact">contact us</a>. </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04156037492054653992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-8420263116102516362016-05-03T10:37:00.001-07:002016-05-03T10:43:24.603-07:00You can't rely on the US Privacy Shield yet - EU report says 'must do better'<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]-->You’ll recall that on February 29<sup>th</sup> 2016,
following months of intense negotiations, the European Commission unveiled the
current proposals for the proposed new EU-U.S. Privacy Shield to enable
compliant transfer of personal data from the EU to the US following the
dismantling of the US Safe Harbor Scheme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>You’ll see our original blog article about it <a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/2016/02/ding-dong-safe-harbor-is-dead-long-live.html" target="_blank">here</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As discussed in our original Blog, this
proposed new compliance mechanism seemed fraught with political wrangling from
the beginning.
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It is disappointing, if not unsurprising perhaps, that the EU
Article 29 Working Party (made up of data protection regulators from 28 Member
States) (“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Art29 WP</b>”) recently declared
that in their view the proposed self-certification US Privacy Shield is insufficient
to protect the privacy of EU citizens and fails to meet EU adequacy standards.
This means that anyone ‘holding out’ for the Privacy Shield to be finalised and
turning a blind eye to compliance involving transfers of personal data to the
US must certainly no longer continue to do so. It doesn’t look like there will
be a definite solution in relation to the Privacy Shield anytime soon. </div>
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Although it was noted by the Art 29 WP that the Privacy
Shield had made some improvements to the old US Safe Harbor Scheme, there were
still a number of great concerns raised.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For example, the lack of clear rules surrounding data retention, over-collection
and sharing of information for national security purposes and insufficient legal
remedies for EU citizens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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While the Art29 WP also raised some concerns about the
adequacy of Binding Corporate Rules and the EU Standard Contractual Clauses, it
has made clear that organisations can, for now, continue to use these mechanisms
to enable compliance when transferring personal data outside the EEA. The Art29
WP will look into this issue again when the European Commission has made its
decision on the adequacy of the Privacy Shield regime. Although this is
expected to happen by June 2016, recent reports have made this deadline look
rather shaky.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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At the end of April 2016, the U.S. Undersecretary of
Commerce for International Trade made it clear that the U.S is not keen renegotiate
the Privacy Shield and that believed that although the Art29 WP’s report was
important, the U.S was not inclined to upset the “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">delicate balance that was achieved</i>” through the Privacy Shield
negotiations.</div>
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The continued debate means that organisations that already transfer
personal data across the water to the U.S face sustained uncertainty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Don't get caught out without a compliant US transfer
solution in the meantime. If you need our advice on how to transfer personal
data legally to the U.S, please <a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/contact" target="_blank">contact us</a>.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04156037492054653992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-11476514646527868972016-04-28T11:47:00.000-07:002016-05-03T11:58:13.832-07:00Elizabeth Denham formally approved as the new UK Information CommissionerFollowing the ICO's announcement back in <a href="https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2016/03/government-confirms-preferred-candidate-to-be-the-uk-s-next-information-commissioner/" target="_blank">March 2016</a>, Elizabeth Denham has been formally approved as the next UK Information Commissioner from Summer 2016.<br />
<br />
<span>The <span>UK Culture, Media and Sport <a href="http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/culture-media-and-sport-committee/news-parliament-2015/information-commissioner-report-published-15-16/" target="_blank">select committee </a></span></span><a href="http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/culture-media-and-sport-committee/news-parliament-2015/information-commissioner-report-published-15-16/" target="_blank">approved</a> Elizabeth Denham as the new UK Information Commissioner on 27 April 2016. <span>Subject to receiving final approval from Her Majesty The Queen, </span><span>Elizabeth Denham will succeed Christopher Graham as Information Commissioner in Summer 2016.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
Jesse Norman MP, Chair of the Select Committee, said:<br />
<br />
"<i>The Committee noted with interest Ms Denham’s views on a range of
topics, including the possible retention of emails as official records,
the extension of FOI and directors’ liability for data breaches, in
particular. We also noted Ms Denham’s track record on data protection with
Government in British Columbia, and her proactive approach to protection
of privacy with major international technology companies."</i><br />
<br />
Elizabeth Denham has previously said:<br />
<br />
"<i>I am honoured to be nominated for the position
of Information Commissioner for the UK. I believe the rapid pace of
technological change we face will continue to accelerate and present
challenges to information rights – we must ensure access to information
while maintaining high standards of data protection. The Information
Commissioner’s Office has a global reputation for practical, innovative
and responsive regulation. I look forward to contributing to this work.</i>"<br />
<br />
Elizabeth Denham is currently the Information and Privacy Commissioner for British Columbia. She is an inspired choice for the position. The UK regulator will need the wealth of her experience and as much stability as possible given all the changes coming under the new European General Data Protection Regulation. We are delighted to hear that Elizabeth's recommendation has been approved by the Select Committee and<i> </i>wish her much success in the new role. <i><br /></i><br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04156037492054653992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-3551240437178551292016-02-04T12:45:00.000-08:002016-02-04T13:49:29.886-08:00Ding Dong Safe Harbor is dead: Long Live the EU-US Privacy Shield???<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
Announcement of the new ‘EU-US Privacy Shield’ </h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<br />
We have previously reported the demise of the US Safe Harbor scheme in our <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/2015_10_01_archive.html">October 2015</a> and <a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/2016/01/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo.html">January 2016</a> Pritchetts Blog reports.</span><br />
<span style="color: black;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black;">Just after the end of 3 month so called grace period that was introduced to try and find a new compliance mechanism to permit transfer of personal information from the EEA to the USA, the European Commission <a href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-216_en.htm">announced</a> that a new agreement had been reached on 2nd February 2016. </span><br />
<span style="color: black;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black;">Key Facts about the new US international personal data transfer compliance mechanism: </span><br />
<span style="color: black;"></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: black;">The new scheme will replace the previous US Safe Harbor Scheme and is to be called the ‘EU-US Privacy Shield’; It is due to come into force within 3 months - if agreed (see below);</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black;">According to Andrus Ansip, the Vice-President of the European Commission, and Věra Jourová, Commissioner for Justice, Consumers and Gender Equality, who made the announcement, the new arrangement reflects the requirements set out by the European Court of Justice in the case of Maximilian Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner (C-362-14) (which we have reported on previously <a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/2016/01/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo.html">here</a>); On announcing the new scheme Věra Jourová said: “<i>The new EU-US Privacy Shield will protect the fundamental rights of Europeans when their personal data is transferred to US companies. For the first time ever, the US has given the EU binding assurances that the access of public authorities for national security purposes will be subject to clear limitations, safeguards and oversight mechanisms. Also for the first time, EU citizens will benefit from redress mechanisms in this area. In the context of the negotiations for this agreement, the US has assured that it does not conduct mass or indiscriminate surveillance of Europeans. We have established an annual joint review in order to closely monitor the implementation of these commitments.” </i></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: black;"><i> </i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">EU negotiators suggested that the new scheme will: </span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">Create tougher obligations on US companies storing personal data relating to EEA citizens;</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">Enhanced enforcement by the US Department of Commerce and Federal Trade Commission;</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">More co-operation between the US and EEA data protection regulators;</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">Limit access to EEA personal data by US public authorities;</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">Create rights for EEA citizens to raise any concerns about the scheme with a new Ombudsman. </span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">The European Commission are to prepare a draft adequacy decision, which is then to be discussed with the EU Article 29 Working Party.</span></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
So is that it? Are we all set to use the new ‘EU-US Privacy Shield’ in 3 months’ time? </span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
We have <a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/2016/01/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo.html">reported previously</a> on the views of the EU Article 29 Working Party (“Art29 WP”) on this issue. That group have continued meeting over the last few months to consider alternative options to the US Safe Harbor Scheme, primarily the use of the approved EC Standard Contractual Clauses and Binding Corporate Rules. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Now, following announcement of the proposed new EU-US Privacy Shield, the Art29 WP has <a href="https://www.blogger.com/ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/press-material/press-release/art29_press_material/2016/20160203_statement_consequences_schrems_judgement_en.pdf">released</a> a statement setting out their current view that although the European Commission have agreed to go ahead with the new EU-US Privacy Shield, the Art29 WP were not involved in negotiations over the new scheme and as a result only have verbal commitments from the European Commission that the issues previously raised by the Art29 WP have been adequately dealt with. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Art29 WP have set out four key protections that must be put in place, following EEA case law, before any US international personal data transfer takes place: </span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Personal data should be processed based on clear, precise and accessible rules, including those allowing individuals to properly understand the various locations where their data are transferred;</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The principles of necessity and proportionality must be exercised in relation to the transfer of personal data. A balancing exercise should be carried out to consider the rights of individuals as well as the purposes for which data are collected and accessed for national security reasons;</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">An effective, impartial and independent oversight mechanism should exist to monitor the collection of and access to personal data;</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Effective remedies must be made available to individuals to defend their rights. </span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
The Art29 WP have also: <br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Expressed reservations about whether the new scheme will ensure these protections are in place and have made it clear that they would like to see full documentation relating to the proposed new scheme by the end of February 2016 in order to consider these issues further. Only then will it be able to issue a detailed statement on its views;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Indicated that it has similar concerns about the other compliance mechanisms currently permitting EU-US transfer ( for example, binding corporate rules and the use of the EC model contractual clauses). The group plan to carry out an analysis of these other options also;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Arranged to hold an extraordinary plenary meeting in late March 2016. Following that group will consider what personal data transfer mechanisms remain valid for US personal data transfers. The Chairperson of the Art29 WP, Isabelle Falque-Pierrotin, hopes that a final decision could be made by the end of April 2016;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Made it clear that in the meantime personal data transfer to the US cannot carry on relying on the previous Safe Harbor scheme. It encourages organisations to consider putting the other EEA international data transfer compliance mechanisms in place. </span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> The European Parliament have also issued some concerns about the proposed new scheme in its <a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20160202IPR12410/EP-will-play-the-role-of-watchdog-over-new-Safe-Harbour-deal">press release</a> stating amongst other concerns that <i>“MEPs also voiced strong concerns over the envisaged safeguards to limit data collection, underlined the need to ensure an independent and individual complaints mechanism as well as access to judicial redress for EU citizens”</i>.</span><br />
<br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />The reaction to this new scheme has been mixed across Europe. One commentator from the Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe <a href="http://www.alde.eu/nc/press/press-and-release-news/press-release/article/eu-us-privacy-shield-the-us-need-to-back-up-its-commitments-with-legislation-not-just-scouts-hono/">stated</a>: "<i>We urgently need a thorough legal appraisal of the safeguards offered by the US. The legal status of these safeguards is very unclear. It is highly doubtful that they offer meaningful protection to European citizens, or if they meet the standards set by the ECJ.</i>" </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
So what do we do now, especially if we are not even sure that the Privacy Shield will go ahead? </span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Given the apparent reluctance to commit to the Privacy Shield from many of the European Authorities, it seems that the Privacy Shield is far from a done deal. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">No doubt some national data protection authorities will take a more hard line approach to enforcement in this area over the coming months. Although we believe the ICO are likely to take a light touch approach to enforcement action in the short term, ultimately, doing nothing and waiting for a political solution is not really an option for organisations. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">As above, it has been made absolutely clear that reliance on the old Safe Harbor scheme is no longer legal. Any organisations who have been taking a ‘wait and see’ approach have therefore a lot to do and fast. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">For now, the Art29 WP has confirmed its position that the model clauses and binding corporate rules remain valid transfer mechanisms, pending deeper analysis. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />Any organisations that have been relying on these compliance mechanisms to transfer data to the US may therefore decide to continue taking a ‘wait and see approach’ in relation to these approaches. Although, those in jurisdictions with tougher regulatory regimes may find that their regulators begin to take more stringent action, so watch this space. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> We set out our thoughts on what compliance action you should consider taking at this stage under the heading ‘How have businesses reacted to the development?’ in our <a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/2016/01/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo.html">January Blog article</a>. That Blog also sets out the likely changes under the proposed new European General Data Protection Regulation. Our opinion set out in that Blog remains the same after recent announcements. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Please do consider <a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/contact">contacting Pritchetts</a> if we can be of any assistance to you in carrying out analysis of your compliance options or indeed helping you put alternative compliance mechanisms in place. </span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04156037492054653992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-72209548994747744662016-01-28T14:17:00.001-08:002016-02-04T13:02:59.718-08:00The latest on Schrems, the US Safe Harbor Scheme and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)<br />
<span style="color: red;"><span style="color: red;"><i><b>Update on </b></i></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: red;"><i><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: red;"><i><b>28th January 2016 </b></i></span></span>to Article below </b></i></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><span style="color: red;"><i><b> </b></i>It has been <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/lisabrownlee/2016/01/28/posted-judicial-redress-act-national-security-interests-amendment/#4694ac91155d" target="_blank">reported </a></span>that an amendment to the US Judicial Redress Act was passed today by the Senate Judiciary Committee. The Act passed after an amendment was approved allowing EU citizens’ to sue on EU Member States: </span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: red;">allowing organisations to transfer personal data to the U.S. for commercial purposes; and </span></li>
<li><span style="color: red;">having personal data transfer policies which do not materially impede the national security interests of the U.S. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: red;">The European Commission has already
rejected the first condition and we're waiting to hear their response to
the second. It is thought that although an amendment has been passed, it may not therefore be all that was hoped for. This may further disrupt the already turbulent US-EU negotiations over finding a new personal data transfer solution.</span><br />
<strong> </strong><br />
<br /><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The latest on Schrems, the US Safe Harbor Scheme and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</span><br />
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<br />
<b>This article was first published on Lexis®PSL IT & IP on 27 September 2016. Click for a free trial of <a href="https://mailtrack.io/trace/link/22610a023801a4fef35fbf854953954728492ec1?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexisnexis.co.uk%2Fen-uk%2Fproducts%2Fpslfreetrial.page&signature=fab0905205718c1a">Lexis®PSL</a>.</b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>IP & IT analysis: Data Protection Day aims to raise awareness as to how data is used and explores the latest developments in data protection regulation. As part of our Data Protection Day series, Stephanie Pritchett, a specialist data protection lawyer and principal at <a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/">Pritchetts Law</a>, considers the impact of the recent Schrems ruling on the US Safe Harbor scheme and likely developments in relation to this under the proposed new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).<br />
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What is the background to the invalidation of the Safe Harbor framework?</h3>
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<b>C-362/14: Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner [2015] All ER (D) 34 (Oct) </b><br />
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On 6 October 2015, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the CJEU) delivered its landmark <br />
<a href="http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=169195&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=84927">judgment</a> in the case of C-362/14: Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner [2015] All ER (D) 34 (Oct).<br />
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<b>Opinion of AG Bot: C-362/14: Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner</b> </div>
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Although the judgment was not altogether unexpected given the earlier <a href="http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document_print.jsf?doclang=EN&text=&pageIndex=0&part=1&mode=req&docid=168421&occ=first&dir=&cid=328810">Opinion</a> of the Advocate General on 23 September 2015, it still sent shockwaves through many industry sector bodies and organisations who carry out international data transfers to the USA—either directly themselves or via the use of third party service providers.<br />
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The CJEU found in its judgment that it alone had the power to examine the validity of a European Commission (EC) finding of adequacy in relation to ‘safe’ or ‘permitted’ international data transfers. In this case, it decided that Decision 2000/520/EC on the adequacy of the protection afforded by the US Safe Harbor scheme (Safe Harbor) was invalid. This has meant that the Safe Harbor scheme, used by more than 5,000 US companies, can no longer be relied on as a lawful compliance mechanism, permitting personal data about European data subjects to be transferred to the US.<br />
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For those not familiar with the background to this case, in brief terms: <br />
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<ul>
<li>The US Safe Harbor scheme was challenged by a Facebook user, Maximilian Schrems, following the Edward Snowden revelations about interception of communications by US intelligence agencies</li>
<li>It was alleged that the NSA had accessed data about Europeans and other foreign citizens stored by Facebook via a surveillance scheme called PRISM </li>
<li>Schrems argued that US law and practice didn’t therefore offer sufficient protection against surveillance by public authorities of personal data transferred to the US and asked the Irish Data Protection Commissioner to investigate what information Facebook might be disclosing </li>
<li>The Irish Data Protection Commissioner rejected Schrems’ complaint and request on the basis of the EC Safe Harbor Decision. </li>
</ul>
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Schrems contested the decision and the matter was referred to the CJEU. The CJEU made its judgment in this case on the basis that:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>The Safe Harbor scheme applied to US undertakings which are Safe Harbor registered, not to US public authorities</li>
<li>US national security, public interest and law enforcement requirements take precedence over the Safe Harbor scheme and when a conflict arises, US undertakings must disapply the Safe Harbor rules</li>
<li>US public law enforcement authorities that obtain personal data from organisations in the Safe Harbor scheme are not obliged to follow the Safe Harbor rules after disclosure </li>
<li>US law also allows storage, on a general basis, of all personal data relating to individuals whose data is transferred from the EU to the US irrespective of the reasons why and without any consideration as to when this data can be accessed and used by US public authorities </li>
<li>The Safe Harbor rules don’t provide adequate rights for individuals to access their data or to require it to be rectified or erased where appropriate. </li>
</ul>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Data Protection Directive<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>95/46/EC</b>
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The CJEU also found in its judgment that national data protection authorities ("<b>DPAs</b>") must make their own finding of adequacy. It said they have the power to examine whether international data transfers comply with the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC ("<b>Data Protection Directive</b>") and to suspend the transfers if they are not in compliance. This power exists even where the European Commission has made a previous finding of adequacy provided by a non-EU country (i.e. in relation to the US Safe Harbor Scheme), as DPAs have independent powers granted under the Data Protection Directive.</div>
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National DPAs may therefore decide to prohibit or suspend international data transfers made under the US Safe Harbor Scheme if their investigation into the transfer finds that the transfer does not provide adequate protection. In relation to the Schrems/Facebook case, the Irish DPA must now carry out a thorough investigation, exercising all due diligence, to decide whether the transfer of data to the US in relation to European users of Facebook should be prohibited on the basis that the Safe Harbor scheme no longer creates a permitted compliance mechanism. On 22 December 2015, Max Schrems <a href="https://twitter.com/maxschrems?refsrc=email&s=11">tweeted</a> a copy of his most recent letter from the Irish Data Protection Commissioner, basically stating that their investigation is extensive and ongoing.</div>
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While the case may have begun with Facebook, the CJEU decision extends to all transfers of personal data to the US by all organisations relying on the Safe Harbor compliance mechanism. These may, for example, include data transfers to Safe Harbor registered head offices in the US or for particular service provision by US Safe Harbor registered companies—either where a data controller contracts directly with those US organisations or it engages EEA based contractors who in turn sub-contract data processing services to US companies. This may, for instance, include transfers for data back-ups, CRM, accounting, payroll and personnel record hosting or services, data analytics, IT services, surveys carried out etc.</div>
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The Schrems case has therefore had wide-reaching implications for all organisations which transfer information from Europe to the US. In essence, the many thousands of organisations carrying out international data transfers to the US themselves (or using their third party service providers (data processors) to do so on their behalf): <br />
<ul>
<li>Should no longer transfer personal data to us organisations solely on the basis that they are Safe Harbor registered</li>
<li>May currently face a huge additional compliance burden, potentially having to liaise with numerous European data protection authorities rather than relying on the Safe Harbor scheme, and </li>
<li>Will have to carry out more costly privacy impact assessments and put more paperwork and legal contracts in place to justify their us data transfers.</li>
</ul>
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What has been the approach of, for example, the Information
Commissioner’s Office (ICO), the Article 29 Working Party and other European
data protection<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span>authorities?<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></h3>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National DPAs response</b></h4>
Following the decision, many European DPAs including the <a href="https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2015/10/ico-response-to-ecj-ruling-on-personal-data-to-us-safe-harbor/">UK Information Commissioner’s Office</a>, the <a href="http://www.agpd.es/portalwebAGPD/revista_prensa/revista_prensa/2015/notas_prensa/news/2015_10_06-ides-idphp">Spanish DPA</a> and Germany’s northern <a href="https://www.datenschutzzentrum.de/artikel/981-.html">Schleswig-Holstein state</a> state published statements on the judgment. In basic terms, most of those statements suggested that the regulators would consult with other EU data protection authorities before issuing robust guidance for organisations on what to do next. Some DPAs made statements taking a more conservative and stringent approach, and in the case of Schleswig-Holstein, producing a paper in which they questioned whether compliant data export to the USA could even be based on EU model clauses or consent.</div>
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Some other data protection authorities like the Israeli Law, Information and Technology Authority (ILITA) and the Swiss Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner (FDPIC) also issued statements in which they revoked prior authorisation of data transfers on the basis of Safe Harbor.</div>
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While there remain other potential legal pathways to allow compliant personal data transfers to the US to take place, many of these compliance mechanisms require further work, analysis, justification and paperwork before they can be relied on. The CJEU decision created no ‘transition period’ to do so, with the result that many organisations became technically in breach of the legislation overnight.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 29 Working Party<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>Guidance</b>
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The European Union Article 29 Working Party group of EU national DPAs arranged to meet on 16 October 2015 to discuss the consequences of the CJEU’s ruling. Their subsequent statement: <br />
<ul>
<li>Urged EU Member States and institutions to come together with the US authorities to work on appropriate political, legal and technical solutions to enable legally compliant data transfers to the US that also protect the fundamental rights of EU citizens</li>
<li>Indicated that further analysis of the CJEU’s decision would be undertaken to look at its impact on other means of transferring data used by some companies—such as the European Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC) and the Binding Corporate Rules. The WP29 group did, however, indicate that, for the time being, other alternative EU approved compliance transfer mechanisms can continue to be put in place to ensure compliance </li>
<li>Warned that National DPAs can use their relevant powers to investigate and take punitive steps to protect individuals in the event of a complaint and that they could even come together the co-ordinate enforcement action if compliance solutions are not agreed with the US authorities by the end of January 2016 </li>
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So, organisations were effectively given a three-month grace period to consider their business processes and to adopt relevant legal and technical solutions when transferring personal data to the US in order to remain compliant. Likewise, the politicians were given a three-month deadline for talks.<br />
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<b>European Commission<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>guidance</b><br />
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The EC issued their guidance <a href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-6015_en.htm">communication</a> on 6 November 2015. This set out the EC’s recommendations for organisations transferring personal data to the US during this three-month grace period. Notably, the EC confirmed that use of the SCC continued to permit valid transfer and that its EC adequacy decisions are ‘living documents’, not set in stone. The EC had previously been criticised in the Schrems judgment for its prior approaches to the Safe Harbor issue. This has led to the EC reinvigorating negotiations with the US Government in relation to safe transfer routes generally, and more particularly in relation to the particular issues raised in the Schrems case. This was to include discussions about creating limitations and safeguards in relation to access by US public authorities. The EU Justice Minister Věra Jourová said she hoped those negotiations would be completed within the three-month period.</div>
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Back in the UK, guidance from the ICO produced over the last few months continues to urge organisations ‘<a href="https://iconewsblog.wordpress.com/2015/10/27/the-us-safe-harbor-breached-but-perhaps-not-destroyed/">not to panic</a>’ but encourages them to consider alternative compliance options to Safe Harbor and to start putting these solutions in place. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Commissioner remarks on
Safe<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>Harbor</b></h4>
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While ongoing reports and EC <a href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-15-6104_en.htm">press releases</a> continue to suggest that a political solution may be on its way, unfortunately it is not here yet. Press <a href="http://www.politico.eu/article/january-31-safe-harbor-deadline-unrealistic-sources-data-transfers/">reports</a> over the last month have revealed that the EC believes there has been no significant breakthrough in the talks and that the 31 January deadline is unrealistic. This has perhaps not been helped by press articles such as one in the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2016/01/05/time-to-get-serious-about-europes-sabotage-of-us-terror-intelligence-programs/?tid=ss_tw">Washington Post</a>, headlined ‘Time to get serious about Europe’s sabotage of US terror intelligence programs’.</div>
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The Wall Street Journal published an <a href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-eu-wrangle-over-trans-atlantic-data-transfer-agreement-1453405142">article</a> on 21 January 2016, discussing the concessions that have been made, on either side of the pond, while going through the negotiations. Unfortunately it appears that the politicians are still at a stalemate situation despite the concessions made so far.</div>
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It is understood that the EU’s Article 29 Working Group are due to meet again on 2 February 2016 to discuss what happens next. It is likely that EU negotiators will try and persuade them to extend the 31 January deadline and it is possible that they may agree to this.</div>
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Giovanni Buttarelli, the European Data Protection Supervisor, has said:</div>
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‘<i>So this period of grace was not a diktat for negotiators but, rather, linked to the need to monitor the type of work to be done [by the negotiators] and our commitment to move together.’</i> </div>
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Unfortunately a number of the national regulators are, however, still officially poised to commence imposing sanctions on organisations without an adequate transfer solution in place if the deadline passes without a deal being reached. Many organisations relying on the Safe Harbor scheme will be increasingly concerned about these uncertain reports.</div>
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What has been the approach of the US Department of Commerce and
the Federal Trade Commission<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>(FTC)?</h3>
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Although there have been ongoing negotiations for several years trying, but failing, to agree on a better solution than the US Safe Harbor Scheme, it is widely hoped that the EU and US politicians will agree a new compliant transfer agreement or system, even if it is not by the 31 January 2016 deadline.<br />
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There seem to have been some moves in the right direction. In response to the Schrems ruling, the US House of Representatives approved a decision on 20 October 2015 to pass the Judicial Redress Act (H.R. 1428) to give EU citizens the same rights of redress in the US courts, as are given to US citizens where it is found that US federal agencies misuse information on privacy grounds. This had been one of the main issues highlighted by the CJEU in the Schrems case and has been a key issue in the ongoing political negotiations over the Safe Harbor scheme. Unfortunately the US Senate Judiciary Committee must still vote to pass the Act. The Committee was scheduled to meet on 21 January 2016 to do so but <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/lisabrownlee/2016/01/20/eu-us-safe-harbor-judicial-redress-act-vote-delayed/#134df53e1412">press reports</a> have confirmed that the vote has been delayed, seemingly in relation to ongoing negotiations over the fifth paragraph detailing litigation pertaining to the Judicial Redress Act but reports also show that a myriad of issues are likely to sit behind that decision. <a href="http://www.politico.eu/article/january-31-safe-harbor-deadline-unrealistic-sources-data-transfers/">Press reports</a> the previous week had also suggested that the legislation does not yet have enough support to pass it and that it could take many more months to do so. This is likely to significantly impact the ongoing EU-US political negotiations and the timescales involved.<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Statement from FTC
Chairwoman Edith<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>Ramirez</b> </h4>
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Meanwhile, taking a step back from recent days, in a <a href="https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2015/10/statement-ftc-chairwoman-edith-ramirez-regarding-european-court">Statement</a> by Edith Ramirez, Chairwoman of the US FTC, in October 2015, the FTC made clear that they are reviewing the CJEU decision and evaluating its implications. They said they:</div>
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‘<i>…share the commitment of our EU counterparts to protect consumers’ personal information and privacy. The FTC has worked closely with the Department of Commerce and our European partners on enforcing and improving the Safe Harbor Framework, and FTC enforcement actions have helped safeguard the privacy of many European consumers. We will continue to work together with our European colleagues to develop effective solutions that protect consumer privacy with respect to cross-border data transfers.’</i>In a further <a href="https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/information-eu-residents-regarding-us-eu-safe-harbor-program">Statement </a>in November 2015, the FTC stated that: </div>
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‘<i>US and EU officials are currently discussing the development of an enhanced mechanism that protects privacy and provides an alternative method for transatlantic data transfers. In the meantime, we continue to expect companies to comply with their ongoing obligations with respect to data previously transferred under the Safe Harbor Framework. We also encourage companies to continue to follow robust privacy principles, such as those underlying the Safe Harbor Framework, and to review their privacy policies to ensure they describe their privacy practices accurately, including with regard to international data transfers.</i>’ <br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">US Department of Commerce:
Safe<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>Harbor</b>
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The US Department of Commerce has also made clear its <a href="http://www.export.gov/safeharbor/">position</a> in an advisory note on the Safe Harbor website that:</div>
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‘<i>In the current rapidly changing environment, the Department of Commerce will continue to administer the Safe Harbor program, including processing submissions for self-certification to the Safe Harbor Framework.’</i>It is perhaps surprising that they may continue to process such applications when these transfers are currently unlawful under EU law. They do, however, go on to say in that advisory: ‘…if you have questions, please contact the European Commission, the appropriate European national data protection authority, or legal counsel’.<br />
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<h3>
How have businesses reacted to the<span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>development?</h3>
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Without a doubt, the Schrems ruling sent shockwaves throughout most UK (and global) industry sectors. There are few organisations not doing business in some way with a US organisation, particularly given the increasingly global nature of business and the widespread use of global cloud computing solutions.<br />
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While there was a great deal of immediate scaremongering in the media and in the legal press about the ramifications of the Schrems decision, the ICO has consistently maintained the mantra of ‘<i>keep calm’.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>Once reporting on the matter settled down and the relevant European executive and regulatory bodies produced their statements and interim guidance on the issue, many organisations have started to mark this issue on their corporate risk register and to carry out assessments as to the practical steps needed and to take account of the increased legal risks.<br />
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Ultimately, doing nothing and waiting for a political solution is not really an option for businesses.<br />
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Even if the politicians do agree a final agreed solution by the end of January 2016, which seems extremely unlikely, as discussed above, there will inevitably be a lengthy period of transition. Any new ‘Safe Harbor’ type arrangement that is agreed will probably need significant time to fully implement and it is likely that existing Safe Harbor-registered companies will have to go through a new or re-certification process. This will most likely require much more stringent conditions to be met than before and external checks, with the result that some of those companies currently self-certified may not immediately meet the new grounds for certification. Of course, any new agreement may well not meet with the full approval of the Article 29 Working Party or all of the EU DPAs, as the US are unlikely to roll back all of its powers in relation to national security. Some of the EU DPAs who have made clear their more strict approach to US transfers may still call into question any new US transfer scheme that is introduced, even if it is a marked improvement.<br />
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It therefore seems likely that many EU organisations might continue to fall back on the SCC as a more reliable compliant transfer route and less susceptible to political wrangling and changes. Anecdotally, most of the author’s clients have taken this approach. Some well-known data processing companies such as MailChimp, used by many organisations to send their weekly marketing newsletters, were proactive and reasonably quick to provide a compliant solution for their customers by introducing use of the SCC (see MailChimp’s press release <a href="http://kb.mailchimp.com/accounts/management/about-mailchimp-and-eu-safe-harbor">here</a>). Other organisations are taking a ‘wait and see approach’ which leaves their customer with no choice but to be in breach of the legislation or terminate the service. One US provider that I approached today responded to my request for information stating:<br />
<br />
‘<i>Thank you for contacting us about the European Court of Justice’s recent decision regarding the US-EU Safe Harbor program. As you know, the ECJ’s decision has the potential to affect several thousand companies that participate in the Safe Harbor program, including ours. At this time, we currently do not have a separate/additional data processing agreement. We are awaiting more concrete guidance from the ongoing negotiations between the EC and the US before making any changes. In the meantime, we’d like to reassure you that we’re continuing to provide the same high level of data privacy and data security.’</i><br />
<br />
Does this get us off the hook as data controllers? Unfortunately not. We are in breach of the data protection legislation if we continue the service provision. We are potentially subject to £500,000 fines in the UK as of 1 February 2016, when the three-month grace period comes to an end. To ensure we’re not also accused of scaremongering reports, I should say that my personal view is that it is unlikely that the ICO will take anything other than a ‘light touch’ approach to enforcement at this time and will most likely await further clarification at the EU level before imposing greater sanctions.<br />
<br />
In anticipation of likely increased enforcement in this area in the near future, some of our clients have also gone for a more nuclear option—deciding to move entire business streams and supply arrangements back to UK/EEA data centres and providers. They simply want to avoid future concerns about prohibitions on such international data transfers. Where some of those clients are traditional data processor organisations, they are also now starting to ‘sell’ this compliant option to their customers. They are making it easy for data controllers to buy their services. Seems like a sensible plan.<br />
<br />
Reportedly, some of the larger providers like Microsoft, Amazon and other US cloud service providers are also setting up new UK and EEA data centres to help allay some of the concerns of their European corporate customers. While this may help provide a solution in the shorter term, organisations will have to carefully check what new terms and conditions they agree to in relation to these supply services. It is often the case, particularly with the much larger technology suppliers, that you will be faced with ‘take it or leave it’ terms that can be changed ‘at any time and at the supplier’s discretion’. This often means that initial due diligence, providing assurances on this matter, could quickly become outdated, as suppliers change both their own terms and also negotiate new terms with their onward sub-contractors, potentially back outside the EEA again. Businesses must therefore keep their supplier arrangements under consistent and regular review.<br />
<br />
There are, of course, a number of other potential compliant personal data transfer mechanisms or ‘solutions’ to permit transfer to the US, but most have serious pros and cons. For example: <br />
<br />
Some UK organisations have considered whether obtaining informed and unambiguous consent from their customers and end users might be a realistic solution—while this sounds simple enough, in reality it is very unlikely to provide a robust or realistic compliant transfer mechanism in the majority of relatively complicated and involved data transfer and outsourcing situations. <br />
<br />
In the UK, under the current data protection legislation, some organisations might also choose to carry out their own rigorous assessments to self-certify a compliant international transfer—again, this is not as easy as it may sound and is not an option for multinationals who don’t have that option under the existing law in other EU countries (for instance, in Ireland self-certification is not a possibility, which would preclude a multi- national with interests in Ireland from taking this approach across the board). This self-certification will also no longer be possible under the proposed new GDPR, so it is not a long term solution.<br />
<br />
An extensive analysis of the pros and cons of the various alternative compliance mechanisms to Safe Harbor is beyond the scope of this article. Organisations are therefore strongly encouraged to carry out their own comprehensive analysis of the risks and options, taking legal advice as necessary. Please <a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/contact" target="_blank">contact Pritchetts </a>if we can be of any assistance to you in carrying out this analysis or helping you put alternative compliance mechanisms in place. <br />
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Have any of the rules in the GDPR taken into account the Schrems<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span>ruling?</h3>
On 17 December 2015, EU negotiators finally reached agreement on the new EU GDPR. Negotiations on the EU data reform package have been ongoing since 2011 and while the final texts are not yet available, we do now have the final compromise texts for both the GDPR and the draft Data Protection Directive relating to the police and criminal justice sectors covering data transfers between law enforcement agencies across Europe.</div>
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Once the texts are translated into all the EU languages and ratified by the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament (anticipated in Quarter 1 2016), they will be published in the Official Journal of the European Union. Each of the 28 EU Member States must then amend their national laws within two years and 20 days after that publication. The new law will therefore become enforceable from early 2018.</div>
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The GDPR contains a number of new protections for EU data subjects and obligations for the data controllers and processors who process their information. Sanctions for non-compliance will become much more stringent generally, including increased fines of up to 4% of global annual turnover or €20m—including for non-compliant international data transfer.</div>
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In brief terms, the GDPR will continue to allow personal data transfers outside the EEA where the EC has made a decision that an ‘adequate’ level of personal data protection exists. For example, where transfers are made: <br />
<ul>
<li>To an EC designated ‘safe country’ who has adequate legislation and controls in place</li>
<li>Using the SCC—now without the need to gain prior approval from numerous national DPAs—although this wasn’t required in the UK, it was in some other Member States </li>
<li>After putting Binding Corporate Rules in place, or </li>
<li>Under certain other agreed derogations—these mostly mirror the existing derogations under the current EU Data Protection Directive but notably, they also add a derogation possibility where:</li>
<ul>
<li>none of the other international data transfer mechanisms apply, and</li>
<li>a transfer needs to be made for the ‘compelling legitimate interests’ of the data controller.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
While this new/enhanced mechanism sounds like a huge softening of the current rules, the obvious flexibility this may add for data controllers is also balanced with stringent requirements for internal supporting documentation and evidence to support the fact that the transfer is: ‘<i>not repetitive, concerns only a limited number of data subjects, is necessary for the purposes of compelling legitimate interests pursued by the controller which are not overridden by the interests or rights and freedoms of the data subject, where the controller has assessed all the circumstances surrounding the data transfer and based on this assessment adduced suitable safeguards with respect to the protection of personal data.’ </i></div>
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This is, of course, as hugely subjective as the ‘legitimate interests’ fair processing ground under Schedule 2 of the Data Protection Act 1998. It is, therefore, clear that EU and UK regulatory guidance will be needed to help data controllers to make responsible decisions about transfers being made in these circumstances. In reality, it is possible that in the UK, the ICO may take the approach that this derogation is akin to the existing ability to carry out a self-adequacy assessment in relation to non-EEA personal data transfers (as discussed above in this article). <br />
<br />
<br />
There are also new compliance mechanisms introduced under the GDPR to enable international data transfer based on, for example: <br />
<ul>
<li>Approved codes of conduct or certifications being put in place by the relevant data processors or data controllers alongside certain binding commitments by them. Codes of conduct may, for instance, be prepared by trade associations or industry bodies representing certain data controllers and processors (including those outside the EEA) and be submitted to national DPAs for approval; </li>
<li>Data protection certification programmes (like the ICO’s current privacy seals project) may also be developed to demonstrate that accredited controllers or processors (again including those outside the EEA) meet certain agreed standards;</li>
<li>On the basis of ad hoc contractual clauses with prior approval of a national DPA </li>
</ul>
There are, however, also some more stringent conditions that will have to be complied with under the GDPR, including: <br />
<ul>
<li>More onerous obligations around provision of adequate fair processing information to data subjects, including more detailed information about the transfers to be made and why</li>
<li>A much needed tightening up of rules around onward transfer of information and also around personal data to be transferred out of the EEA in response to legal requirements from a country outside the EEA </li>
</ul>
This brings us neatly back once again to the Schrems ruling and its impact on the proposed new GDPR. This landmark case highlighted, among other matters, a requirement for the EC to only make adequacy decisions based on ‘essential equivalence’ and, as discussed above in this article, a need for EU individuals to have the same rights of redress as are given to citizens in the third country, where their rights have been breached.<br />
<br />
These themes have been picked up in recital 81 of the GDPR which, among other issues, clarifies that an EC adequacy decision under the GDPR should only be made where:<br />
<br />
‘…<i>the third country…offer[s] guarantees that ensure an adequate level of protection essentially equivalent to that guaranteed within the [European] Union... In particular, the third country should ensure effective independent data protection supervision and should provide for cooperation mechanisms with the European data protection authorities, and the data subjects should be provided with effective and enforceable rights and effective administrative and judicial redress’. </i>It is clear that even the GDPR can’t ignore the impact of the Schrems case. Let’s just hope ongoing political wranglings over Safe Harbor and the Judicial Redress Act don’t lead to any re-opening of discussions about the text of the draft GDPR, just when we thought we might have some certainty on that.</div>
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<b><i>Stephanie is the principal of the specialist data protection
and privacy law firm </i><a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/" target="_blank">Pritchetts<span style="letter-spacing: -1.1pt;"> </span>Law</a>.</b></div>
<b>
</b><br />
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<b><i>Interviewed by Alex<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Heshmaty.</i></b></div>
<b>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12933920717288858205noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-3562410805724130702015-12-17T12:27:00.000-08:002015-12-19T14:05:51.461-08:00EU Negotiators reach agreement on new Data Protection RegulationAnd finally, the news we have all been waiting for... We can't believe that it has really happened! You may already have noticed that on Tuesday night, EU negotiators finally reached agreement on the new EU Data Protection Regulation. The European Commission press release is <a href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-6321_en.htm">here</a>. <br />
<br />
As most of you will be well aware by now, negotiations on the EU data reform package have been ongoing since 2011 and whilst the final texts are not yet available, we do now have the final compromise texts for both the draft <a href="http://statewatch.org/news/2015/dec/eu-council-dp-reg-draft-final-compromise-15039-15.pdf">General Data Protection Regulation</a> ("GDPR") and the draft Data Protection <a href="http://www.statewatch.org/news/2015/dec/eu-council-dp-dir-leas-draft-final-compromise-15174-15.pdf">Directive</a> relating to the police and criminal justice justice sectors covering data transfers between law enforcement agencies across Europe. <br />
<br />
Following the agreement on 15th December, the European Parliament's Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs ("LIBE") Committee voted on the proposals this morning, 17th December 2015. The GDPR was voted in with a large majority of 48 votes to 4 against and only 4 abstentions. The Directive was voted in with 53 votes to 2 against and 1 abstention. <br />
<br />
Once the texts are translated into all the EU languages and ratified by the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament (anticipated early in the New Year), they will be published in the Official Journal of the European Union. <br />
<br />
Each of the 28 EU member states must then amend their national laws within two years and 20 days after that publication. The new law will therefore become enforceable from early 2018.<br />
<br />
<b>What are the main elements of change? </b><br />
<br />
The top 10 major changes under the new law are as follows: <br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: #444444;"><b>Greater protection for the personal data of individuals -</b> the key focus of the new law is to ensure that individuals have greater control over their personal data (especially in relation to data deletions, portability and access) and to ensure that organisations (especially those operating across several jurisdictions and/or using outsourcing partners) are forced to take more care in their approach to data sharing and transfers.</span></li>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span>
<li><span style="color: #444444;"><b>More liability for sub-contractors and outsourcing organisations</b> - where an outsourced partner is used to process data, both the parties will be jointly liable. Traditional data processor outsourcing organisations will no longer be able to 'pass the buck' to their instructing data controller, instead being forced to comply directly. </span></li>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span>
<li><span style="color: #444444;"><b>Fines of up to 4% annual worldwide turnover for non-compliance.</b> Crucially, any company found to be in breach of the data protection regulations could be fined up to a maximum of €20 Million or 4% of annual global turnover (between a 2-5% cap had been negotiated but they have settled on 4%, higher than many speculated). Jan Philipp Albrecht, chief negotiator for the European Parliament, highlighted that "for global internet companies in particular, this could amount to billions". The first tier fines are for breaches of certain parts of the new law, such as failing to have lawful reason to process the data. A second and lower tier fine of up to €10 Million or 2% of annual worldwide turnover will apply to certain processor, security and administrative related breaches.</span></li>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span>
<li><span style="color: #444444;"><b>Easier complaints mechanism for individuals. </b>Consumers will now be able to raise a complaint in their own country, as opposed to the country the offending company is headquartered in. Should a complaint cover several European countries, a newly created European Data Protection Board will help settle the dispute.</span></li>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span>
<li><span style="color: #444444;"><b>Explicit consent. </b>Companies will need to ensure that consent to process any data is freely given, specific, informed, 'unambiguous' and, for personal data, consent is 'explicit'. Consent will need to be via an agreed statement or demonstrable, easily accessible and intelligible affirmative action. They will also need to take note of any consumer's request to have their details deleted under the tightened-up 'right to be forgotten'. These changes may require you to make changes to your current data collection and retention processes. The legitimate interest ground for processing personal data is now going to be more heavily qualified by specific and explicit notice requirements. </span></li>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span>
<li><span style="color: #444444;"><b>Mandatory data breach reporting. </b>Any data breaches that pose a high risk must be reported to regulators 'without undue delay' and, where feasible, within 72 hours. Individuals must also be notified without undue delay if there is a high risk to their rights and freedoms. This could be difficult to implement in practice and will require more careful public relations management and data breach response planning. </span></li>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span>
<li><span style="color: #444444;"><b>Increased protection for Under 16yr olds.</b> Data protection for under 16 year olds has been toughened up. Whilst the regulation sets the age of digital consent for using social media platforms at 16 years, individual member states can decide to lower it to 13 years. 13 is the current limit for many US social media companies, such as Facebook and Instagram. Companies will also be restricted on profiling and collecting data for users under 16 years and will require parental consent to do so. They'll also have to show they've made reasonable efforts to get this consent. Timothy Kirkhope, Conservative MEP said: "Concerns have been listened to and the UK's age of consent will not be forced to change". Watch this space.</span></li>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span>
<li><span style="color: #444444;"><b>Mandatory Data Protection Officer. </b>The contentious requirement to appoint a Data Protection Officer seems to have been restricted to public authorities and organisations that process large amounts of sensitive personal data or that process personal data used for systematic monitoring on a large scale. Watch this space to see what implications this might have in practice. </span></li>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span>
<li><span style="color: #444444;"><b>Mandatory Privacy Impact Assessments. </b>More onerous requirements on organisations to ensure privacy by design, including a requirement to carry out privacy impact assessments (as we know them now) in certain circumstances. </span></li>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span>
<li><span style="color: #444444;"><b>Requirement for formal data protection policies, procedures and training.</b> The current requirement to register data processing activities with the EU regulators (such as the ICO Notification process) will now be replaced with perhaps much more onerous requirements to document, formalise and audit data processing practices internally within an organisation and to carry out training. Please do <a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/contact">contact us</a> if you need help with getting your "house" in order.</span></li>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span>
<li><span style="color: #444444;"><b>International Data Transfers</b> - following the <a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/2015/10/stephanie-pritchett-14.html">ECJ Safe Harbor case</a> in Schrems, the GDPR will continue prohibiting data transfers to non-EEA countries unless they are recognised as being "adequate" by the EU. While there will now be stricter conditions for countries trying to obtain that "adequacy" status, new data transfer compliance mechanisms like privacy seals will be considered and binding corporate rules have been endorsed.</span></li>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span>
<li><span style="color: #444444;"><b>Application to a Greater Number of Organisations</b> - Following recent ECJ cases, such as the <a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/2015/10/ecj-weltimmo-case-more-obligations-for.html">Weltimmo case</a>, the GDPR will apply to most organisations that offer goods or services in the EU, or that monitor the behaviour of EU citizens. This will include, most notably, online activities of non- EU organisations.</span></li>
<span style="color: #444444;">
</span>
<li><span style="color: #444444;">'<b>One Stop Shop'</b> - the controversial one-stop shop enforcement process which aims to centralise data protection enforcement is to be introduced via one competent national regulator. There is a complicated process set out in the GDPR to help ensure consistency and co-operation, which only time will help us to truly understand. </span></li>
</ol>
(Who were we kidding - we couldn't keep this list to a Top 10!) <br />
<br />
<b>So What Next?</b><br />
<br />
The headlines above, give a brief overview of some of the key changes. The next step for us and for you is to fully review the documents when they're finally published in the New Year. <br />
<br />
We will follow up early in 2016 with a more detailed <a href="http://blog.pritchettslaw.com/">Pritchetts blog </a>article on the key changes of the new law and preparations to be made. For now, all organisations should take note that they have 2 years to review their operations and carry out a data protection audit or gap analysis against the requirements of the new regulations. It is possible that many organisations will need to make potentially significant changes to the way that they currently collect, use and transfer personal data in order to avoid fines of up to 4% of annual worldwide turnover. The UK regulator, the ICO, has started to offer <a href="https://iconewsblog.wordpress.com/2015/09/07/businesses-how-to-prepare-for-the-eu-reforms/">advice</a> on key areas to consider as a priority. <br />
<br />
Whilst further analysis and insight will be given in future Pritchetts <a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/Newsletter">newsletters</a> and blogs, please don't hesitate to contact us if you require any additional information - particularly on our data protection audit services, the impact of the new EU GDPR reforms or indeed specific advice on how this new law will affect your particular organisation. Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12933920717288858205noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-40748267930498300582015-11-30T05:22:00.000-08:002015-11-30T05:22:24.149-08:00Data Protection Regulation negotiation process going well<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
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EU General Data Protection Regulation <a href="http://www.statewatch.org/news/2015/nov/eu-council-dp-reg-multicolumn-Chaps-I-VI-VII-VIII-X-XI-14319-15.pdf">trilogue</a>
process. To recap, the trilogue process is an important part of the
negotiation process but is not a decision making process in itself.
Representatives of the Council, the European Parliament and the European Commission
have come together to identify a workable way forward. The planned
timetable for the negotiations runs until December so it’s hoped decisions will
be made and published on what will actually go into the regulations by
Christmas. </span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12933920717288858205noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-22202276188419180112015-10-22T04:29:00.000-07:002016-01-21T04:13:48.911-08:003 months grace period to put US data transfer compliance measures in place post Schrems<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Party and the EU member states reacting to the recent ECJ ruling on Safe
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<h3>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Initial Comment and Guidance</span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Following
the </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ECJ
<a href="http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=169195&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=84927">judgment</a>
on Schrems on 6<sup>th</sup> October 2015, various regulators issued statements
and guidance within a short space of time. For example: </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">the EU <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/press-material/press-release/art29_press_material/2015/20151006_wp29_press_release_on_safe_harbor.pdf">Article
29 Working Party</a>, the <a href="https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2015/10/ico-response-to-ecj-ruling-on-personal-data-to-us-safe-harbor/">UK
Information Commissioner’s Office</a> and the <a href="http://www.agpd.es/portalwebAGPD/revista_prensa/revista_prensa/2015/notas_prensa/news/2015_10_06-ides-idphp">Spanish
DPA</a> published statements (see links provided) on the judgment. In
basic terms each of those statements said they would consult with other EU data
protection authorities to issue more detailed guidance for organisations on what
to do next. The European Commission also said that it will issue
"clear guidance" in the coming weeks to prevent member states' data
authorities issuing conflicting rulings.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">German Schleswig-Holstein
Guidance</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></b></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">On 14<sup>th</sup>
October 2015, Germany’s northern Schleswig-Holstein state issued its own </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.datenschutzzentrum.de/artikel/967-.html"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">guidance</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> following the ECJ decision.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are 16 federal states in Germany and
each one directly oversees data protection matters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their approach can differ and
Schleswig-Holstein is known to take a very conservative and stringent
approach.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps unsurprisingly then,
they produced a very strict paper, in which they questioned whether compliant data
export to the USA could even be based on EU Model Clauses and further queried whether
consent would be valid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Schleswig-Holstein authority draws on Article 5 (b) which outlines that an
importer has to warrant “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">that it has no
reason to believe that the legislation applicable to it prevents it from
fulfilling the instructions received from the data exporter and its obligations
under the contract.</i>” The authority believes an importer in the US is no
longer in the position to give such a warranty.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Also, the
controllers transferring data to a US processor should “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">take into consideration terminating the data transfer agreement or
suspending the data transfers</i>.” Schleswig-Holstein states: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In consequential application of ECJ’s
decision a data transfer based on model clauses is no longer admissible”</i>.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This strict interpretation of the recent ruling – if
adopted – would certainly call into question the operations of many
multi-national companies where transferring data to the US.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Internal compliance management and monitoring
within companies of all sizes, but most especially within the big
multi-nationals, is set to become a hot topic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ultimately though, as this particular German
authority is the only one likely to publish such a formal response, all eyes
are turning to the response and guidance from the Article 29 Working Party
group.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">So what is the WP29 view?</span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The European
Article 29 Working Party group met on 16<sup>th</sup> October 2015 to discuss the
consequences of the ECJ’s ruling.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Their subsequent
</span><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/press-material/press-release/index_en.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">statement</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> has urged EU Member States and institutions
to come together with the US authorities to work on appropriate political,
legal and technical solutions to enable legally compliant data transfers to the
US that also protect the fundamental rights of EU citizens.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It has also indicated
that further analysis of the ECJ decision will be undertaken to look at its
impact on other means of transferring data used by some companies - such as the
European Standard Contractual Clauses and the Binding Corporate Rules.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The WP29
group has indicated that, for now, other alternative EU approved compliance transfer mechanisms can continue to be put in place to ensure compliance, but it has warned that: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">National
data protection authorities can use their relevant powers to investigate and
take punitive steps to protect individuals in the event of a complaint;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">These
national DPA’s could even come together the co-ordinate enforcement action if compliance
solutions are not agreed with the US authorities by the end of January 2016.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">So given
that the EU-US Safe Harbor Scheme has been invalidated as a compliant transfer mechanism thanks to the Shrems case, organisations have effectively been given 3 months grace to consider
their business processes and to adopt relevant legal and technical solutions
when transferring personal data to the US in order to remain compliant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If you
require any further information or advice on how to stay compliant when
transferring data to the US, on implementing the European standard contractual
clauses to ensure compliance, or indeed with any other data protection or
privacy matter then please do not hesitate to <a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/contact">contact Pritchetts</a>.</span></i></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12933920717288858205noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-52573926472767477792015-10-06T17:00:00.002-07:002015-10-22T04:23:57.860-07:00US Safe Harbor Scheme no longer “Safe” for International Data Transfer<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">On 6<sup>th</sup>
October 2015, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the “CJEU”) delivered
its <a href="http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=169195&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=84927"><span style="color: windowtext;">judgment</span></a> in the case of <i>Maximillian
Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner (Case C-362/14) - see <a href="http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2015-10/cp150117en.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext;">here</span></a> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">for the full CJEU<i> </i>press release</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The judgment
was not altogether unexpected given the earlier <a href="http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document_print.jsf?doclang=EN&text=&pageIndex=0&part=1&mode=req&docid=168421&occ=first&dir=&cid=328810" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext;">Opinion</span></a> of the
Advocate General on 23 September 2015 but has still sent shockwaves through
many industry sector bodies and organisations who already carry out international
data transfers to the USA themselves or by using third party service providers to
do so on their behalf. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br />
<h3>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Safe Harbor no longer Safe</span></b></h3>
</div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The CJEU found
in its judgment that:</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span></span></b><br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The US Safe Harbor Scheme is
Invalid</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The CJEU made it clear that it alone has the power
to examine the validity of a European Commission finding of adequacy in
relation to “safe” or “permitted” international data transfers and in this case
has decided that Decision 2000/520/EC on the adequacy of the protection
afforded by the US Safe Harbor scheme (“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EC
Safe Harbour Decision</b>”) is invalid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">This means that the Safe Harbor scheme used by more
than 5,000 US companies can no longer be relied on as a lawful compliance
mechanism permitting personal data about European data subjects to be transferred
to the USA. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">For those not familiar with the background to this case,
in brief terms: </span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The US Safe
Harbor scheme was challenged by a Facebook user, Maximilian Schrems, following the
Edward Snowden revelations about interception of communications by US
intelligence agencies.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">It was
alleged that the NSA had accessed data about Europeans and other foreign
citizens stored by the US tech giants via a surveillance scheme called Prism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Schrems
argued that US law and practice didn’t therefore offer sufficient protection
against surveillance by public authorities of personal data transferred to the
US and asked the Irish Data Protection Commissioner to investigate what information
Facebook might be disclosing.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Irish
Data Protection Commissioner rejected Schrems’ complaint and request on the
basis of the EC Safe Harbour Decision.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Schrems
contested the decision and the matter was referred to the CJEU.</span>
</li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">This CJEU judgment seems to have been made on the
basis that: </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Safe Harbor scheme only applies
to U.S. undertakings which are Safe Harbor registered, not to U.S. public
authorities. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">US national security, public
interest and law enforcement requirements take precedence over the Safe Harbor scheme
and when a conflict arises U.S. undertakings must disapply the Safe Harbor
rules.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>US </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Public law enforcement authorities which obtain
personal data from organisations in the Safe Harbor scheme are not obliged to
follow the Safe Harbor rules after disclosure</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">US law also allows storage on a
general basis of all personal data relating to individuals whose data is
transferred from the EU to the US irrespective of the reasons why and without
any consideration as to when this data can be accessed and used by US public authorities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Safe Harbor rules don’t
provide adequate rights for individuals to access their data or to require it
to be rectified or erased where appropriate. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">"<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I very
much welcome the judgement of the court, which will hopefully be a milestone
when it comes to online privacy,</i>" said Max Schrems on learning of the
judgment. "<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">It
clarifies that mass surveillance violates our fundamental rights.</i>"<b> </b></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><b>(ii) National DPAs must make their own finding of Adequacy</b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">National
data protection authorities have the power to examine whether international
data transfers comply with the EU Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC) (“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EU Directive</b>”) and to suspend them if
they are not in compliance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This power
exists even where the European Commission have made a previous finding of
adequacy provided by a non-EU country (i.e. in relation to the Safe Harbor Scheme)
as DPAs have independent powers granted under the EU Directive.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">National DPAs may therefore
decide to prohibit or suspend international data transfers made under the US Safe
Harbor Scheme if their investigation into the transfer finds that the transfer
does not provide adequate protection. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<h3>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">So what happens next for Facebook?</span></u></b></h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In relation to the Facebook case, the Irish Data
Protection Authority must now carry out a thorough investigation, exercising
all due diligence, to decide whether the transfer of data to the US in relation
to European users of Facebook should be prohibited on the basis that the Safe
Harbor scheme no longer creates a permitted compliance mechanism.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<h3>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">And what about the rest of us? </span></u></b></h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">While this case may seem, on the face of it, to be about taking
on the mighty Facebook, in reality it is about all transfers of personal data to the US by all organisations. \These may include</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">: </span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Data transfers to head offices in the US or transfers sent to the US for particular service provision - either directly by organisations or via their
sub-contractors; </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">transfers for data back-ups, CRM, accounting, payroll
and personnel record hosting or services, data analytics, IT services, surveys
carried out etc. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The case therefore has wide-reaching implications for
all organisations who transfer information from Europe to the USA. As a result, many industry
sector bodies and organisations have been left reeling from the news of this
case - each scrabbling to consider the full implications of the CJEU decision
for them. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In essence, the many thousands of organisations carrying
out international data transfers to the USA themselves (or using third party service
providers (data processors) to do so on their behalf):</span></div>
<ul>
<li>Should no longer transfer personal data to US organisations
solely on the basis that they are Safe Harbour registered;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Are likely to face a huge additional compliance burden,
potentially having to liaise with numerous European data protection authorities
rather than relying on the Safe Harbour scheme; and </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Will undoubtedly have to carry
out more costly privacy impact assessments and put more legal paperwork in place to justify their US data transfers.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The EU <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/press-material/press-release/art29_press_material/2015/20151006_wp29_press_release_on_safe_harbor.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext;">Article 29 Working Party</span></a>,
the <a href="https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2015/10/ico-response-to-ecj-ruling-on-personal-data-to-us-safe-harbor/" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext;">UK Information Commissioner’s
Office</span></a> and the <a href="http://www.agpd.es/portalwebAGPD/revista_prensa/revista_prensa/2015/notas_prensa/news/2015_10_06-ides-idphp" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext;">Spanish DPA</span></a> have
already published statements (see links provided) on the judgment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In basic terms these statements say they will
consult with other EU data protection authorities to issue guidance for organisations
on what to do next.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The European
Commission has also said that it will issue "clear guidance" in the
coming weeks to prevent member states' data authorities issuing conflicting rulings.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Organisations will be keen to see this regulatory
guidance published sooner rather than later as following the decision they may
no longer have a compliant mechanism permitting data transfers to the USA. While
there are potentially other legal pathways allowing compliant data transfers
to take place, many will require further work, analysis, justification and
paperwork before they can be relied on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This will take organisations time to properly consider.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And yet the CJEU decision creates no time…
there is no transition period to allow a new mechanism to be found, with the result that many
organisations have become technically in breach of the legislation overnight. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Many of us practitioners hope that the EU and US
will agree a new compliant transfer agreement or system - but unfortunately this
may be slow in coming as we understand that there have been ongoing
negotiations for several years - trying but failing to agree on a better solution.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Watch this space!</span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">If you
require any further information or advice on how to stay compliant when
transferring data to the US, on implementing the European standard contractual
clauses to ensure compliance, or indeed with any other data protection or
privacy matter then please do not hesitate to <a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/contact">contact Pritchetts</a>.</span></i></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="MsgId_29655"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="MsgId_29674"></a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12933920717288858205noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-80010446542243095342015-10-02T16:00:00.000-07:002015-10-22T04:47:13.714-07:00ECJ Weltimmo Case: More obligations for Pan European Operators<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">On the 1<sup>st</sup>
October 2015, the European Court of Justice made a landmark ruling that all
international organisations should abide by the data protection legislation that
exists in <u>all</u> the jurisdictions in which they operate. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">This
decision centered on the outcome of the ECJ </span><a href="http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=168944&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=317949"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Weltimmo</span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> case, which
was brought by the Hungarian data protection authority against property website
Weltimmo. Weltimmo ran a property advertising service in Hungary even though it
was based in Slovakia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Court found
that cross border activity by the Slovakian company sharing information with debt
collection agencies, was deemed to have breached data protection laws in Hungary,
ruling that: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">No matter what size of operation exists in each
member state, companies must apply the data protection legislation of that
member state to all of its activities if it has an establishment within that country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If, for example, the organisation operates a
service in the native language of a country, has offices or bank accounts in
that country or has representatives registered in that country;</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Organisations are then regulated by the relevant EU
countries’ national data protection authorities even if the organisation is not
headquartered in the country of that Regulator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>That means those Regulators can impose fines where those exist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>In the Weltimmo case, this means they could
be liable for the 10m Hungarian forint fine (£23,650) which had been issued by
the Hungarian data protection authority; </li>
<li><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">If it cannot be shown that an “establishment” exists
in that EU member state, then the relevant local data protection authority in
that member state would not be able to issue fines and/or enforcement action and
would have to instead rely on the data protection authority or the relevant
member state where the organisation was based.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In
practical terms, this Case means that all organisations will need to ensure
they keep abreast of the relevant legislative variations across Europe and this
will of course place considerable additional administrative burdens on organisations
and raise their compliance costs dramatically. For example, the costs and
potential adverse repercussions of not getting on top of your requirements if
you market to a number of different organisations via your sales website or
similar, could be huge.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Whilst
there has been much talk of the impact of this case on the big technology
companies like Facebook and Google, who process data here in Europe, it is
clear that in the age of the multinational, costs for remaining compliant will dramatically
increase for all sorts of organisations – especially those that are
consumer-facing and those that operate in EU Member States that have a stronger
appetite for enforcement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Previously,
companies only had to adhere to the data protection legislative requirements of
one county, and a lot of multinationals chose to create the nominated
establishment in either the UK or Ireland where the laws and practices were
more relaxed. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">If
you require advice on data protection compliance and privacy matters, or to
understand how any of the recent ECJ judgements might affect the operations of
your organisation, please do not hesitate to <a href="http://www.pritchettslaw.com/contact" target="_blank">reach out to Pritchetts</a> for
tailored advice.</span></i></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12933920717288858205noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-71236426155440943682015-07-16T02:51:00.001-07:002015-07-16T02:51:27.723-07:00Misuse of information - the floodgates open Click <a href="https://secure.toolkitfiles.co.uk/clients/11927/sitedata/files/Misuse%20of%20%20information%20-%20the%20%20floodgates%20open.pdf" target="_blank">here</a> to read the article composed by Data Protection and Technology legal specialists Stephanie Pritchett and Ben Wootton, where they examine the issues raised by the landmark ruling in Vidal-Hall and Ors v Google, and offer advice on the measures to take to account for the increased risk of claims.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12933920717288858205noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-37598529506811775242015-07-02T04:06:00.001-07:002015-07-02T04:06:55.767-07:00Facebook’s privacy policy—sea change or business as usual?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">IP&IT analysis: What can we expect from Facebook's data protection policy in the future, and what impact might pan-European regulation have in this area? Stephanie Pritchett, a specialist data protection lawyer and principal at Pritchetts Law, considers a new report from the Belgian Data Protection Authority regarding Facebook tracking and the use of social plug-ins.</span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Original News</span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Facebook only accepts supervision by the Irish Office of the Data Protection Commissioner (ODPC) and the application of Irish law and has resisted attempts to be bound by the national privacy legislation of Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany, a report by the Belgian Privacy Commission (BPC), also known as the Belgian Data Protection Authority (BDPA) has found. A detailed study commissioned by the BPC examined the ways in which Facebook processes the personal data of its members, as well as of all internet users who come into contact with Facebook.</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is the background to this report, and what are the findings?</span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Towards the end of 2014, Facebook announced its intention to redraft its data use policy (DUP) and terms of service, with plans to launch a new version from 30 January 2015. A European Task Force, led by data protection regulators in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany was then formed to analyse these new policies and terms.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">On 13 May 2015, a recommendation was published by the BDPA in relation to various issues, including the use of social plug-ins by Facebook.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Among other matters, the BDPA states that:</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Facebook uses social plug-ins, such as its well-known 'Like' button, to track user's internet browsing patterns and activities</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">it is hard for users to stop this happening as they are expected to navigate Facebook's complex web of settings in search of possible opt-outs</span></span></li>
</ul>
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Collecting and storing data</span></span></i><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The BDPA had previously stated that 'Facebook tramples on European and Belgian privacy laws' and have expressed their view in the Recommendation that if Facebook is to continue tracking user internet activities It should not routinely collect and store information about all websites that individuals visit which contain social plug-ins--especially where individuals have not even interacted with the social plug-ins on those websites.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It should also not collect information on those individuals who are not registered Facebook users and those individuals who have either deactivated their Facebook account or logged out of it--without getting explicit opt-in consent beforehand.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Research commissioned by the BDPA found that the 'Like' button had been placed on more than 13 million websites, including government and health websites. Tracking cookies associated with those plug-ins would then send detailed information back to Facebook.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It also found that Facebook has for a long time been tracking website users who visit any website page owned by Facebook.com--including fan pages, profile pages and other parts of the Facebook site which you can visit without being a registered user.</span></span><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Transparency</span></span></i><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Facebook should be very clear and transparent about the use that they do make of tracking cookies and social plug-ins via more prominent Facebook privacy and cookie policies.</span></span><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Obtaining prior consent</span></span></i><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In relation to active registered Facebook users, Facebook should obtain the specific informed and unambiguous consentof those users before dropping or obtaining the cookies--including those via social plug-ins--to collect or use information about that user, particularly where the intended use is marketing or distribution of adverts using behavioural advertising methods.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is the view of the BDPA that the current measures used by Facebook are not sufficient to obtain the prior explicit consent which must be obtained by Facebook before dropping a cookie or performing tracking, unless it is necessary:</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">for either the networking required to connect to the service, or</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">to provide a service specifically requested by the user</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Neither applies to tracking for marketing and adverts.</span></span><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Extra compliance measures</span></span></i><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It should be recognised by Facebook that extra compliance measures should be in place owing to the fact that they are in a unique position compared to most other organisations that carry out third party website tracking. This is because Facebook has the ability to match up user website browsing habits to the real identity of those individuals, as well as to</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">their social network interactions and sensitive personal data--including medical information, religious, sexual and political preferences.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The BDPA also states in its Recommendation that website owners and hosts using Facebook's social plug-ins should:</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">make sure that social network 'like' buttons are only activated once consent has been obtained by the user</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> of that page</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">consider the use of SocialSharePrivacy which is a jQuery Plugin that allows buttons of social networks to be</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> added to websites in a privacy-friendly way by ensuring that buttons are inactivated and that no data is</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> transferred to or from third party websites until after the user has clicked on the social plug-in button</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ensure they implement a two-stage click-through process so that any website users who do not want to</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> interact with Facebook are not required to do so</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was also recommended that individual users should use privacy-enhancing software like Privacy Badger, Ghostery or Disconnect to help block the invisible sites that track their search and browsing history.</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What role does the ODPC have?</span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Facebook Ireland Ltd is understood to be the organisation responsible for most of the Facebook group's activities with consumers outside of North America and Canada.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Facebook has responded to the Recommendation stating that: ... 'there is nothing more important to us than the privacy of our users and we work hard to make sure people have control over what they share and with whom. Facebook is already regulated in Europe and complies with European data protection law, so the applicability of the Belgian Privacy Protection Commission's efforts are unclear. But we will of course review the recommendations when we receive them with our European regulator, the Irish Data Protection Commissioner'.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">As yet, the ODPC has declined to comment.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Some European member states have previously accused Ireland of being too soft on the multinational firms headquartered there, especially major US technology companies such as LinkedIn, Apple and Facebook.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The BDPA's investigation is of particular interest not only to Facebook, but to any non-EU headquartered organisations that process personal data within the EU. This is because the conclusions drawn in the Recommendation are that Facebook should be considered subject to Belgian Data Protection laws, and not simply those of Ireland, as Facebook has continued to maintain.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The issue of appropriate applicable law is an evolving one, as multinational corporations with many subsidiaries in a variety of member states have been accused of simply nominating one such entity as its EU data controller, much to the chagrin of data protection authorities and privacy rights activists. This approach has been informed by Council Directive 95/46/EC, art 4 which sets out a twofold test as to which data protection laws apply to a particular organisation:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">First, there is the 'establishment test', which in very broad terms suggests that if data is processed by an organisation in the context of the activities of a subsidiary or branch office in a particular EU member state, only the laws of that EU member state will apply, even if data has been collected from people in other member states.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Second, the 'equipment test' looks at where an organisation's data processing and controlling kit is located. If an organisation uses equipment to process data in a number of member states, the laws of those member states will apply.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Facebook are continuing to seek reliance on the 'establishment test' only and arguing that only the Irish regulator has power to investigate.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The BDPA wasn't impressed with this approach. Having examined this issue in considerable detail, its view in the Recommendation is that Facebook Ireland Ltd is not the data controller in the EU, as it simply is not capable of taking sufficiently independent decisions on the processing of data of Belgian and other EU citizens.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In support of this assertion, the BDPA states that the new Facebook DUP has been implemented globally but with no amendments implemented by Facebook Ireland Ltd for its EU users. The BDPA believes that the lack of controls put in place by Facebook Ireland Ltd and the lack of challenge to a global DUP means that Facebook Inc, the US parent, is the sole data controller.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Applying the twofold test, Facebook had an 'establishment' in Belgium that was inextricably linked to Facebook Inc in the US--this is argued by the BDPA applying the tests met in the European Court of Justice's relatively recent 'Right to be Forgotten' judgment, Google Spain SL and another company v Agencia Espanola de proteccion de Datos (AEPD) and another C-131/12, [2014] All ER (D) 124 (May). If that approach is not accepted, then the BDPA also argues that Facebook Inc has the necessary 'equipment' in Belgium to meet the equipment test due to its use of cookies and other tracking technologies dropped on devices owned by Belgian citizens.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">These approaches seem to have been confirmed in wider case law across Europe--including a previous German case which found that Ireland were not the only EU regulator for Facebook Ireland Ltd.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The BDPA therefore concluded in its recommendation that Belgian law should apply.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">While a number of other European watchdogs have also continued to investigate Facebook's practices, the BDPA believes, for the reasons set out above, that it has the power to investigate Facebook's potential data protection breaches. While the BDPA may not currently have the power to fine Facebook, it could instigate legal proceedings against them. The BDPA has not been shy in saying that it will do so.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Clearly, a key message for international businesses to draw out of this Recommendation is that if they are seeking to rely on the 'establishment' test by nominating a subsidiary in an EU member state, this cannot merely be a paper based exercise. It must be able to demonstrate that the nominated entity is capable of being the EU data controller--under what is likely to be increasing scrutiny.</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How kindly will the Irish take the views of the Belgian authorities?</span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The ODPC carried out an internationally high profile audit of Facebook Ireland Ltd and published its initial audit results in December 2011 and its follow up audit results in September 2012. As part of the extensive audit exercise carried out by the ODPC, it examined Facebook's facial recognition technology for 'tagging' individuals, its use of social plug-ins, its 'Friends Finder' application, the third party applications operating on Facebook's platform and targeted advertising by Facebook. The ODPC expressed numerous privacy concerns and recommendations for improvement in relation to all of these Facebook features. The ODPC's audit reports, totalling over 300 pages, have been published on the ODPC website for all to examine.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is worth noting that the ODPC stated in its follow up audit report in September 2012 that most of its initial recommendations had been implemented by Facebook Ireland Ltd to the satisfaction of the ODPC. It's possible to speculate, therefore, that the recent findings of the Belgian authorities may engender the following reactions:</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">slight embarrassment on the part of the ODPC that another EU regulator has categorically stated that Facebook Ireland Ltd is non-compliant with EU law</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">some reticence perhaps and a lack of available resources to re-open the investigation so soon (rather like</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Father Ted's Eurovision entry, it might be time for 'someone else to have a go')</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a slight nervousness perhaps from the Irish Government that high profile multinational tech companies may be deterred ever-so-slightly from establishing major EU hubs in Ireland</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Time will tell.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Either way, change is afoot in Ireland, the ODPC's Annual Report back in 2011 stated the following: 'The implications of our increased European responsibilities were brought home to us forcefully in relation to our audit of the activities of Facebook Ireland. Facebook Ireland had unambiguously placed itself under our Office's jurisdiction through changes in its contractual arrangements with its EU users and the establishment of clear responsibility for the processing of their data. We therefore included them in our programme of audits for 2011. This was the most complex audit ever undertaken by our Office, involving about a quarter of our staff resources for three months and external technical assistance from University College Dublin (UCD) We clearly cannot maintain a similar level of commitment in relation to other multinational companies without additional resources. I am confident that this message is understood by the government and would hope to be allocated additional resources in the course of this year.'</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Despite the hopes of the then Data Protection Commissioner, Billy Hawkes, back in 2011, it was not until January of this year that the newly appointed Irish Commissioner, Helen Dixon, announced additional resources had been confirmed to her office--an effective doubling of the budget of the Office from EUR 1.89m in 2014 to EUR 3.65m. By way of comparison, for 2015/16 the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) is due to receive grant in aid of £3.7m--a reduction of £50k on last year's initial budget.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The significant extra resources secured for the data protection regulator for 2015 will allow for the recruitment of additional expert staff to ensure that Ireland continues to administer a first-rate regulatory and enforcement regime for data protection. Technology audit experts were recruited by the ODPC in May 2015.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">With increased budget and increased numbers of specialist ODPC staff, there is no doubt that compliance enforcement and scrutiny is going to get tougher in Ireland very soon. As an advisor working on cross border issues, I do, however, question how seriously organisations will really begin to take data protection compliance in Ireland until the Irish implement a civil monetary penalty fining regime (akin to the £500K fines issued by the UK regulator).</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Is there much in the way of cooperation between national authorities or do they still have materially divergent approaches to these sorts of issues?</span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">There is still a fair degree of co-operation and sharing of intelligence among data protection regulators. For example, the Irish regulator's reports build on work already carried out by the American, Canadian and German data protection regulators, though there is no formal vehicle for cross jurisdictional investigation and enforcement.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The results of the recent BDPA findings, would, however, suggest that the regulators do take divergent approaches at times. It is worth remembering that all Member States have implemented the European Directives in subtly different ways, and so inevitably the Belgian regulator's interpretation will be driven by this at a national level.</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Will the new Data Protection Regulation have an impact on Facebook in this area?</span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Yes, it's very likely it will because the current European Directives take horizontal effect--that is, they need to be implemented by domestic law in each EU member state. While they are implemented in a broadly similar way, there are some key differences. This has made it difficult for multi-nationals operating across Europe to know whose rules it is playing by.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It can be reasonably anticipated that the proposed new EU Data Protection Regulation, which will have direct effect without needing separate member state implementation, will make it easier for multi-nationals operating across Europe to play by one set of rules. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Having said that, it looks likely there may still be a little scope in the new Regulation for some domestic idiosyncrasies, so it is unlikely to produce an entirely level playing field. Whatever way you cut it, the rules will also become more difficult and a lot more expensive to comply with in practice.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The issue of which national regulator will have authority over pan-European businesses is still far from clear. The 'one stop shop' mechanism proposed under the new Regulation has been one of its most controversial elements and has, in part, contributed to the delay in reaching agreement on the draft legislation. The initial idea was to provide more transparency and certainty to organisations about who their 'lead' authority would be. Various rounds of negotiations have led to this certainty all but disappearing. The most recent draft proposed by the Council of the EU retains the lead protection idea but contains extremely difficult rules around when other concerned data protection regulators may be able to intervene and challenge--perhaps leading to all the same problems that we are seeing now around applicable law with this Facebook case study.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It looks likely there will be a move to explicit opt-in consent for all forms of processing, including for marketing purposes. At the moment, the Irish have a similar slightly softer approach to implied soft opt-in consents as we do in the UK. It would then become imperative to seek clear opt-in consents for all processing by Facebook.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is currently proposed that fines of up to 5% of an organisation's annual worldwide turnover or EUR 100m will be applied for non-compliance with the Regulation.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This will be a massive sea change.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In EU member states like Ireland and Belgium, who at the date of writing have no such fine structure in place (although Belgium looks likely to receive this enforcement power soon) and for multi-national organisations, who will not be able to avoid large fines by setting up operations in a country that does not have this enforcement power.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Whatever happens with the proposed new Regulation, one can rest assured that Facebook will have been keeping an extremely close eye on the development of it. Some critics say that despite years of lobbying, the new Regulation will be out of date as soon as it goes to print--particularly given the march of technology and the creative way that technological change is harnessed by the likes of Facebook.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It will, of course, be fascinating to see how Facebook responds to some of the challenges that the proposed new Regulation will present and also to see how the various EU regulators will dance around these high tech companies-- perhaps reminding them, as now, of the necessity to comply with the 'spirit and intent' of the new Regulation as technology moves apace.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i>Stephanie is a senior solicitor and principal of the specialist data protection and privacy law firm </i>Pritchetts Law.</span></span><br />
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Interviewed by Alex Heshmaty.</span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The views expressed by our Legal Analysis interviewees are not necessarily those of the proprietor.</span></span></i>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12933920717288858205noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4665643689185544324.post-52830648416720807902015-06-18T06:43:00.005-07:002015-06-24T01:08:06.890-07:00EU Council of Ministers latest reaction to the proposed new European Data Protection Regulation<div style="text-align: justify;">
Back in 2012, the European Commission proposed a comprehensive reform of the 1995 European data protection rules, aiming to “strengthen online privacy rights and boost Europe's digital economy”. In 2014 these new rules received the backing of the European Parliament. At the time, Vice-President Viviane Reding, the EU's Justice Commissioner said “we need a uniform and strong European data protection law, which will make life easier for business and strengthen the protection of our citizens”.</div>
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The new rules essentially seek to establish tighter privacy provisions for users of online services, including cloud computing products, and create a single, pan-European law for data protection amongst the 28 member states. Under the new regulations, data protection authorities could fine companies up to 2% of their global annual turnover if they do not follow their obligations. Citizens would benefit from a “right to be forgotten” and easier access to their data, and companies would be required to disclose any data breaches (within 24 hours if feasible).</div>
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Where are we now and what happens next?</h3>
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On 15th June 2015, the Council of Ministers took the proposals a step closer to becoming law after it reached a “general approach”, essentially confirming the approach taken in the Commission's proposal back in 2012. However, it should be noted that previously suggested figures of potential fines of up to €100 million or 5% of global annual turnover appear to have been revised down to €1 million or 2% of global annual turnover.</div>
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The European Parliament will need to approve the final text before the new regulations can come into force and a trialogue meeting between the Council, the Commission and the Parliament has now been scheduled for 24th June 2015.</div>
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Reaction to the forthcoming changes</h3>
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Large technology companies are reportedly concerned that Europe's cloud computing industry could be damaged by the new data protection rules, and fear that they could also introduce uncertainty in business to business relations. Of particular concern is a clause that would allow companies who merely process data - such as cloud storage providers - to be sued. Commenting, Liam Benham, Vice President of Government and Regulatory Affairs at IBM, warned that the new proposed regulation “risks blurring these lines of responsibility [for the processing of data], setting the stage for lengthy and costly legal disputes, which will be perplexing for consumers and businesses alike.”</div>
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However, Monique Goyens, director general of the European Consumer Organisation has welcomed the development, saying that the “new regulation is the opportunity to close gaps, ensure robust standards and stipulate that EU laws apply to all businesses operating here.”</div>
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